Disentangling subjective symptom complaints and objective cognitive performance in veterans: Impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and lifetime traumatic brain injury burden

Abstract

Self-reported histories of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are prevalent among post-9/11 veterans. Both are associated with subjective and often overlapping symptom complaints, but variably with objective neuropsychological test performances. These outcomes are seldom explored in relation to lifetime mTBI burden. This cross-sectional study examined associations of PTSD and lifetime mTBI with subjective (persistent symptoms after concussion and cognitive complaints) and objective (performances across five cognitive domains) measures among 46 veterans. Within this sample, 20 veterans had Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) confirmed PTSD (PTSD+), whereas 26 demographically-similar participants did not meet criteria (PTSD−). The Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime (BAT-L) yielded total mTBI scores ranging from 0 to 8. Regressions showed PTSD was associated with increased subjective symptoms/cognitive complaints, along with reduced verbal fluency, visuospatial memory, and processing speed performances. Lifetime mTBI burden was associated with subjective symptoms, but not with objective cognitive test performance, after controlling for PTSD. No significant interactions were observed. Exploratory correlations suggested that all PTSD symptom clusters were generally associated with the subjective and objective measures. However, fewer significant associations emerged within the PTSD+/− groups separately, with each group yielding somewhat different patterns of relationships. PTSD and increasing mTBI burden are consistently associated with negative subjective symptoms, including cognitive complaints. Each condition likely explains some degree of unique variance in symptom reporting. PTSD is associated with poorer objective cognition on some tasks, including processing speed, executive functioning, and learning/memory. Implications are explored.

Keywords:

• Brain concussion
• cognition
• cognitive assessment
• military veterans
• posttraumatic stress disorder

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs under Grant [number 1I01CX001593-01A1 to K.L.P.].