Building blocks for the macroeconomics and political economy of housing

Abstract

Housing played an essential part in the global financial crisis 2007–2008 and the Euro crisis. Large parts of bank lending continue to go to mortgages. Housing wealth is the largest part of wealth for most households and is, at the same time, more dispersed than other forms of wealth. House prices exhibit pronounced fluctuations that are closely linked to credit growth. Housing thus plays a crucial role in the macroeconomy, which has become even more pronounced under neoliberalism. We scrutinize different theoretical approaches to housing. Despite its theoretical shortcomings, mainstream economics has pioneered empirical research on wealth effects in consumption and recently documented the role of house prices in financial cycles. Post-Keynesian theory emphasizes endogenous money creation, cycles in asset prices and debt, and has formalized the notion of a debt-driven demand regime. Comparative political economy research has recently developed the concept of the varieties of residential capitalism, which has different structures of house ownership and housing finance at the core of political coalitions. Marxist political economy has long established the intrinsic link between ownership of land and economic rent and notes that homeownership can act as force of working-class fragmentation. Wealth surveys can be used to trace the extent of conflicting interests in a class-relational approach.

Notes

Notes

1 There were 111 cases in which the primary residence was rented but rental income derived. Eighty-two of these rental incomes derive from BTL or land overseas or other property, and they were classified as rentiers. The remaining 29 cases did not own property of any sort or have mortgages, some even deriving benefits. Their rental income might derive from peer-to-peer renting schemes. They were classified as renters.

2 For this we base our calculations on the UK Living Costs and Food Survey, 2016–2017 (Department for Environment, Food, and Office for National Statistics 2018). See Table A3 for distribution by tenure.