Soldiering as an obstacle to manhood? Masculinities and ex-combatants in Burundi

ABSTRACT

The image of the warrior as the ultimate symbol of manhood is familiar across cultures and countries. There is a large quantity of research that demonstrates the connection between militarism and masculinity, and militarized masculinities have been argued to be the hegemonic form of masculinity, particularly in conflict-affected areas. Recently, however, there has been a call for the rethinking of the connection between masculinity and violence. In this article, I explore the construction of masculinities among ex-combatants in Burundi. Based on participant observation, 18 individual interviews and four focus-group discussions, I argue that having served in an armed group has not had a significant impact on the masculinity ideas of my interlocutors. There is a weak connection between ideas of what makes a good soldier on the one hand and manhood in civilian life on the other. Marriage, fatherhood, and being the provider are the most important factors in masculinity construction in Burundi. These all require economic capital. In addition, socio-economic status is important for the power and respect that it brings. The focus on socio-economic status as the locus of masculinity construction also applies to ex-combatants, but many of them are struggling to adhere to it. My interlocutors presented their time spent in the armed group as time wasted, that would otherwise have been used on education or starting a career – in other words, on the path to achieving manhood. The narrative given was thus one of soldiering being not an avenue but an obstacle to manhood.

KEYWORDS:

• ex-combatants
• masculinities
• Burundi
• socio-economic status

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Þorgerður Einarsdóttir, Anna Wojtynska, Mats Utas, Helga Þórey Björnsdóttir, Sigríður Dúna Kristmundsdóttir and the two anonymous reviewers for the valuable comments and suggestions made to earlier versions of this article.

Notes

1. See for example the blog post ‘Married to Umurundi’ on the blog This Burundian Life: https://thisburundianlife.bi/2015/10/09/married-to-umurundi/

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Icelandic Centre for Research [152143-053]; Icelandic International Development Agency; and Nordic Africa Institute.