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Articles

Danger Beyond This Point: Visual Representation, Cultural Landscapes, and the Geography of Environmental Hazards in U.S. National Parks

Pages 314-346 | Received 07 Aug 2017, Accepted 26 Mar 2020, Published online: 22 Oct 2020
 

Abstract

National parks can be dangerous places. Lulled by often ill-informed notions that national parks are cleansed of any hazards and monitored by a ubiquitous staff of rangers, many visitors take unnecessary risks to their personal safety. The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) is tasked with the often-difficult challenge of protecting and preserving the 419 units of the national park system while providing for the comfort and safety of visitors. This article examines the spatial and thematic patterns of danger in national parks through a visual and textual content analysis of park signage and brochures combined with a landscape evaluation. Based on this work, I present examples of park signage and a typology of danger in national parks that is both geographic and thematic. Findings indicate that 1) a more informed understanding of the geographic range and environmental diversity of hazards can help park managers develop signage and increase visitors’ geographic literacy of the NPS system. 2) We gain a better sense of the environmental use and management contexts of national parks by focusing on danger signs, their imagery, and site-specific information. This information provides texture to our understanding of changing park service management strategies, prepares visitors to be active participants in their personal risk responsibility, and helps us better understand changing environmental perceptions of U.S. national parks. 3) A spatial, cultural, and social perspective is important as it moves national parks toward a more inclusive experience that welcomes the growing ethnic, social, and cultural diversity of park visitors.

国家公园可能是危险的地方。往往被国家公园没有任何灾害、到处都有巡视员的描述所误导许多游客承担了不必要的风险。美国国家公园管理局National Park ServiceNPS承担着保护和保有国家公园系统419个单位的任务同时为游客提供舒适和安全的环境。通过对公园标牌和手册的视觉和文字分析、景观评价本文讨论了国家公园危险的空间模式和专题模式。本文展示了公园标牌和危险类型的实例这些例子具有地理和专题属性。文章发现:1更好地了解灾害的地理范围和环境多样性可以帮助公园管理者制作标牌、提升游客对NPS系统的地理知识;2通过危险标记、影像、针对特定位置上的特定信息可以更好地理解国家公园对环境的使用和管理。这些信息为理解变化的公园管理策略提供了背景知识帮助游客主动承担个人危险责任帮助我们更好地理解美国国家公园环境感知的变化;3采用空间的、文化的和社会的观点对于推动国家公园对游客的民族、社会和文化多样性的包容性非常重要.

Los parques naturales pueden ser lugares peligrosos. Adormilados por las nociones a menudo mal informadas de que los parques nacionales han sido saneados de cualquier tipo de riesgo y que, además, están monitoreados por un cuerpo de vigilantes ubicuos, muchos visitantes asumen allí riesgos innecesarios contra su seguridad personal. Al Servicio Nacional de Parques de los EE.UU. (NPS) le está asignado el reto a veces difícil de proteger y preservar las 419 unidades del sistema nacional de parques al tiempo de proveer confort y seguridad para los visitantes. Este artículo examina los patrones espaciales y temáticos del peligro en los parques nacionales por medio de un análisis de contenido visual y textual de los parques, el cual es a la vez geográfico y temático. Los hallazgos indican: (1) un entendimiento más informado del ámbito geográfico y de la diversidad ambiental de las amenazas que puede ayudar a los administradores de los parques a desarrollar la señalización y a incrementar el conocimiento geográfico de los visitantes del sistema de NPS; (2) se obtiene un mejor sentido del uso medioambiental y de los contextos de manejo de los parques nacionales enfocándonos en los signos de peligro, sus imágenes y la información específica sobre el sitio. Esta información proporciona textura a nuestro entendimiento de las estrategias cambiantes del servicio de manejo de los parques, prepara a los visitantes para ser participantes activos en la responsabilidad personal del riesgo, y nos ayuda a entender mejor las percepciones ambientales cambiantes de los parques nacionales de los Estados Unidos. Y, (3) una perspectiva espacial, cultural y social es importante en la medida en que ésta mueve los parques nacionales hacia una experiencia más incluyente que recibe con satisfacción la creciente diversidad étnica, social y cultural de los visitantes de los parques.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Lary Dilsaver, William Wyckoff, Terence Young, Geoffrey Buckley, Lisa Benton-Short, Craig Colten, and Paul Starrs for their valuable insights, encouragement, and feedback about this study over the decade of its evolution and fieldwork. I thank Tim Cresswell and the two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments and suggestions on previous drafts of this article.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Yolonda Youngs

YOLONDA YOUNGS is an Associate Professor of Geography in the Department of Global Studies and Languages, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include human geography, environmental studies, public lands policy and management, sustainable tourism and outdoor recreation, rivers and water resources, national and international parks and protected areas, visual culture and media, social science GIS, and field methods.

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