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Notes
1 ‘Nigeria Chibok abductions: What we know’, BBC News, 8 May 2017.
2 Human Rights Watch, ‘Human Rights Watch Submission to the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) of Iraq’s periodic report for the 74th Pre-Sessional Working Group (11–15 March 2019)’, March 2019.
3 United Nations Security Council, ‘Report of the Secretary General on trafficking in persons in armed conflict pursuant to Security Council resolution 2388 (2017)’, S/2018/1042, 21 November 2018, p. 1.
4 See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), ‘Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime’, Article 3, adopted 15 November 2000.
5 Lucia Bird and Tuesday Reitano, ‘Trafficking in persons in conflict contexts: what is a realistic response from Africa?’, ENACT, June 2019.
6 Amnesty International, ‘They Betrayed Us: Women Who Survived Boko Haram Raped, Starved, and Detained in Nigeria’, 24 May 2018, p. 61.
7 Field research conducted on al-Shabaab engagement in clan groups in two regions within Somalia, October–December 2017.
8 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018’, 20 June 2019, p. 2.
9 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Financial Tracking Service, ‘Appeals and response plans 2019’, accessed 6 January 2020.
10 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, ‘American Convention on Human Rights’, 22 November 1969; Colloquium on the International Protection of Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama, ‘Cartagena Declaration on Refugees’, 22 November 1984; Organisation of African Unity, ‘African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights’, 27 June 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, entered into force on 21 October 1986; League of Arab States, ‘Arab Charter on Human Rights’, 22 May 2004; Council of Europe, ‘European Convention on Human Rights’, 4 November 1950, amended Convention entered into force on 1 July 2010.
11 UNHCR, ‘Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’, Article 33, 28 July 1951, entered into force on 22 April 1954.
12 UNHCR, ‘Part II: Global compact on refugees’, A/73/12 (Part II), 13 September 2018, p. 1.
13 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, ‘Global Homicide Report 2019’, September 2019. See, for example, p. 14 of the ‘Executive Summary’.
14 Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System (SESNSP), Mexico, 20 January 2020.
15 As of November 2019. See Joint UNHCR–International Organization for Migration Special Representative for Venezuelan refugees and migrants, ‘US$1.35 billion needed to help Venezuelan refugees and migrants and host countries’, 13 November 2019.
16 Annie Correal and Megan Specia, ‘The migrant caravan: What to know about the thousands travelling north’, New York Times, 26 October 2018.
17 Anjali Fleury, ‘Women Migrating to Mexico for Safety: The Need for Improved Protections and Rights’, UN University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility (UNU-GCM), Policy Report no. 03/08, 2016, p. 7.
18 As of 31 December 2019. See UNHCR, ‘Syria Regional Refugee Response: Turkey’, last updated 5 March 2020, accessed 16 March 2020.
19 Dorian Jones, ‘Erdogan plays refugee card as criticism mounts over Turkey’s Kurdish offensive’, Voice of America, 10 October 2019.
20 Tuesday Reitano and Mark Micallef, ‘Breathing space: the impact of the EU–Turkey deal on irregular migration’, IIS Paper 297, Institute for Security Studies, November 2016.
21 Sinem Koseoglu, ‘Turkey police bust human trafficking ring, arrest smugglers’, Al-Jazeera, 29 May 2019.
22 Arezo Malakooti, ‘The Political-Economy of Migrant Detention in Libya: Understanding the players and the business models’, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, April 2019, p. 7.
23 Mark Micallef, ‘The Human Conveyor Belt: trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya’, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, March 2017.
24 Tuesday Reitano and Mark Micallef, ‘Human Smuggling and Libya’s political end game’, Institute for Security Studies, December 2017.
25 ‘Hungarian prime minister says migrants are “poison” and “not needed”’, Guardian, 27 July 2016.
26 ‘Hungary would have to “use force” to fend off new wave of migrants: PM’, Reuters, 17 October 2019.
27 Filip Warwick, ‘NGO ship rescues Europe-bound migrants in Mediterranean’, DW, 23 April 2018.
28 Louise Miner, ‘“The ports remain closed,” Italy’s Matteo Salvini warns migrant rescue NGO’, Reuters, 19 March 2019.
29 Benjamin Bathke, ‘Libya’s coast guard picks up nearly 500 migrants in region surrounding Tripoli’, InfoMigrants, 20 September 2019.
30 Dave Philipps, ‘Arrest of Marines Suspected of Smuggling Migrants Points to Lucrative Trade’, New York Times, 26 July 2019.
31 IOM, Missing Migrants Project, accessed 16 March 2020, https://missingmigrants.iom.int.