Penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: susceptibility testing, resistance rates and outcome of infection

Abstract

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is an important human pathogen that causes both superficial and invasive infections. Penicillin is now rarely used in the treatment of SA infections due to widespread resistance and a concern about the accuracy of existing methods for penicillin susceptibility testing. The aims of the present study were to determine the frequency of penicillin-susceptible SA isolates from blood and wound cultures in Lund, Sweden, and to evaluate methods for penicillin testing in SA. We also wanted to investigate if penicillin-susceptible isolates are associated with higher mortality.

Methods: Hundred blood culture isolates collected 2008/2009, 140 blood culture isolates from 2014/2015, and 141 superficial wound culture strains from 2015 were examined. Penicillin susceptibility was tested with disk diffusion according to EUCAST guidelines, and results were confirmed with a cloverleaf assay and PCR amplification of the BlaZ gene. Patient data for all bacteraemia cases were extracted from medical records.

Results: The disk diffusion method with assessment of both zone size and zone edge appearance had high accuracy in our study. About 57% of bacteraemia isolates from 2008/2009 were sensitive to penicillin compared to 29% in 2014/2015 (p < .0001). In superficial wound cultures, 21% were penicillin susceptible. There was no difference in co-morbidity or mortality rates between patients with penicillin resistant and penicillin sensitive SA bacteraemia.

Conclusion: Disk-diffusion is a simple and reliable method to detect penicillin resistance in SA, and susceptibility rates are significant. Penicillin has many theoretical advantages and should be considered in the treatment of SA bacteraemia when susceptible.

Keywords:

• Staphylococcus aureus
• penicillin susceptibility
• disk diffusion
• mortality

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank Gisela Hovold for technical assistance, Dr Fredrik Kahn for statistical input, Lena Hyllebusk for database support, and Dr Ann-Cathrine Petersson and Dr Magnus Rasmussen for valuable advice. This work was funded by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation under Grant 20130376, the Alfred Österlund Foundation, the Magnus Bergvall Foundation under, and the Swedish Government Funds for Clinical Research (ALF).

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation under Grant 20130376, the Alfred Österlund Foundation, the Magnus Bergvall Foundation, and the Swedish Government Funds for Clinical Research (ALF).