Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and endocarditis – epidemiology and outcome: a review

Abstract

Purpose: To review the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) and endocarditis (SAE), and discuss the short- and long-term outcome. 

Materials and methods: A literature review of the epidemiology of SAB and SAE.

Results: The reported incidence of SAB in Western countries is 16–41/100,000 person-years. Increasing incidence has been observed in many regions, in Iceland by 27% during 1995–2008. The increase is believed to depend on changes in population risk factors and possibly better and more frequent utilization of diagnostic procedures. S. aureus is now the leading causes of infective endocarditis (IE) in many regions of the world. It accounts for 15–40% of all IE cases, and the majority of cases in people who inject drugs (PWID). Recently, the incidence of SAE in PWID in Stockholm, Sweden, was found to be 2.5/1000 person-years, with an in-hospital mortality of 2.5% in PWID as compared to 15% in non-drug users. The 30-day mortality associated with SAB amounts to 15–25% among adults in Western countries, but is lower in children (0–9%). Mortality associated with SAE is high (generally 20–30% in-hospital mortality), and symptomatic cerebral embolizations are common (12–35%). The 1-year mortality reported after SAB and SAE is 19–62% and reflects deaths from underlying diseases and complications caused by the infection. In a subset of SAE cases, valvular heart surgery is needed (15–45%), but active intravenous drug use seems to be a reason to refrain from surgery. Despite its importance, there are insufficient data on the optimal management of SAB and SAE, especially on the required duration of antibiotic therapy. 

Conclusions: The epidemiology of SAB and SAE has been changing in the past decades. They still carry a substantial morbidity and mortality. Intensified studies on treatment are warranted for improving patient outcome.

Keywords:

• Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacteraemia
• Infective endocarditis
• Epidemiology
• Outcome
• Mortality
• Incidence

Disclosure statement

All authors report that they do not have a commercial or other association that might pose a conflict of interest.