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Abstract
This investigation builds upon feminist postcolonial and related critical development scholarship to contextualise the mobilisation of Title IX – the 1972 US legal mandate requiring equity within educational settings including sports – within selected sport for development discourses promoted by the US State Department. This analysis of the State Department’s ‘Empowering Women and Girls Through Sports’ initiative draws upon feminist cultural studies and postcolonial sensibilities to interrogate the unique sporting narratives connected to Title IX and particular political contexts that continue to produce and support neoliberalism as well as securitised interests and insecurities across the globe.
Notes
1. Chawansky, “Good Girls Play Sports”; Hayhurst, “Corporatising Sport, Gender and Development”; Hayhurst, “Girls as the “New” Agents”; and McDonald, “Imagining Neoliberal Feminisms.”
2. McDonald, “Imagining Neoliberal Feminisms,” 3.
3. Marchand, “The Future of Gender and Development.”
4. Klingebiel, “Introduction.”
5. Ibid., 4.
6. “The Initiative.”
7. “Empower Women Through Sports 2015.”
8. McDonald, “Imagining Neoliberal Feminisms.”
9. Quoted in “Gender Equity and Female Empowerment”, 2.
10. “US Department of State Policy Guidance.”
11. Boutilier and San Giovanni, “Politics, Public Policy and Title IX.”
12. McDonald, “The Marketing of the WNBA.”
13. McDonald and Birrell, “Reading Sport Critically,” 295.
14. Said, Orientalism, 3.
15. Ibid., 5.
16. Mohanty, Feminism Without Borders.
17. Allison, “American Occidentalism and the Agential Muslim Woman.”
18. Ibid., 670.
19. Ibid., 671.
20. Rottenberg, “The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism,” 419.
21. Carpenter and Acosta, “Numbers: Effects of Title IX.”
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Clinton, “Remarks on the Launching.”
26. “Pakistan Field Hockey,” Global Sports Mentoring Program.
27. Boutilier and San Giovanni, “Politics, Public Policy and Title IX”; and National Women’s Law Center, “Finishing Last.”
28. National Women’s Law Center, “Finishing Last.”
29. Taylor, From #Blacklivesmatter to Black Liberation, 121.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Stock, “Pakistani Athletes Learn Lessons.”
33. Rottenberg, “The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism.”
34. Hayhurst, “Corporatising Sport, Gender and Development.”
35. Shain, “The Girl Effect”; and Hayhurst, “Girls as the “New” Agents.”
36. Hayhurst, “Girls as the “New” Agents”; and Koffman and Gill, “The Revolution Will Be Led by a 12-Year-Old Girl.”
37. Koffman and Gill, “The Revolution Will Be Led by a 12-Year-Old Girl.”
38. Ibid.
39. “Empowering Women and Girls Through Sports Initiative.”
40. Koffman and Gill, “The Revolution Will Be Led by a 12-Year-Old Girl.”
41. Ibid.
42. Duffield, “The Liberal Way of Development,” 55.
43. Foucault, The History of Sexuality.
44. Darnell, Sport for Development and Peace, 29.
45. Pratt, “Weaponizing Feminism,” 328.
46. Ibid., 328.
47. Marchand, “The Future of Gender and Development.”
48. Ibid., 927.
49. Ibid., 928.
50. McDonald, “Imagining Neoliberal Feminisms.”
51. Silberman, “Hillary Clinton.”
52. Ibid.
53. Clinton, “Leading Through Civilian Power,” 13.
54. Essex, Development, Security and Aid; and McDonald, “Imagining Neoliberal Feminisms.”
55. Clinton, “Remarks At the Ted Conference.”
56. Kerry, “Why Women are Central”; also cited in “Diplomacy at Its Finest.”
57. Clinton, “Remarks on the Launching.”
58. “US Department of State and ESPNW Announce.”
59. Cited in “Strong Women, Better World”; also cited in Kerry, “Remarks.”
60. “Global Sports Mentoring Program.”
61. Essex, Development, Security and Aid, 87.
62. Clinton, “Remarks on the Launching.”
63. Skilli, “The Girl Factor,” 175.
64. Carberry, “Afghan Women Make Their Mark.”
65. Ibid.
66. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak.”
67. Marchand, “The Future of Gender and Development.”
68. Harvey, The New Imperialism.
69. Hayhurst, “Girls as the “New” Agents,” 537.
70. Rottenberg, “The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism,” 419.
71. Hayhurst, “Girls as the “New” Agents.”