Abstract
Citrus aurantium (C. aurantium), belonging to the family Rutaceae, is usually utilized as a flavoring and acidifying agent for food. This study assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. aurantium. The cp genome was 160,140 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26,996 bp each), which is separated by a large single-copy (LSC, 87,763 bp) region and a small single copy (SSC, 18,385 bp) region. The cp genome has overall GC content of 38.48% and 135 genes, composing of 90 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 25 cp genomes highly supported that C. aurantium was evolutionarily close to Cirtus sinensis (C. sinensis).
Citrus aurantium, also known as bitter orange, is a flowering, fruit-bearing evergreen tree that belongs to the family Rutaceae. The origin of C. aurantium is south east Asia, and it has been spread by human to many parts of the world. The essential oil of bitter orange is popularly used as a flavoring or solvent and also for consumption. Additionally, bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine (Sharpe et al. Citation2006). However, the bitter orange supplements may be linked to a number of serious side effects and deaths, and it is still not concluded if bitter orange affects medical conditions of heart and cardiovascular organs (Carvalho-Freitas and Costa Citation2002; Fugh-Berman and Myers Citation2004). In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete cp genome of C. aurantium, which would provide basic genetic resource for the research of its various applications.
The genomic DNA was extracted from the fresh leaves of C. aurantium collected from Citrus Research Institute of CAAS, Chongqing, China (29°45′36.2″N, 106°22′40.5″E). The voucher specimen is now deposited at the Herbarium of Nanjing Forestry University (accession number: 20190526JJDD01). Purified DNA was then fragmented to construct an Illumina paired-end library, and then sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The raw sequencing data were filtered and trimmed by fastp program (Chen et al. Citation2018), and then fed into NOVOPlasty version 3.7.2 (Dierckxsens et al. Citation2017) for assembly using the psbA gene and the complete cp genome sequence of C. sinensis (GenBank accession: NC_008334.1) as the seed and reference genome, respectively. The assembled genome was then annotated using PGA (Qu et al. Citation2019) against the cp genome of C. sinensis and adjusted manually as needed using Macvector v17.0.7. The complete cp genome was submitted to GenBank (accession number: MT106672).
The cp genome of C. aurantium was 160,140 bp (GC content: 38.48%) in length, composing of a LSC region of 87,763 bp (GC content: 36.81%) and a SSC region of 18,385 bp (GC content: 33.38%) separated by a pair of 26,996 bp IR regions (GC content: 42.93%). The C. aurantium cp genome encoded a total of 135 genes, including 90 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Additionally, twelve protein-coding genes (rps16, atpF, rpoC1, rps12×2, petB, petD, rpl2×2, ndhB × 2, and ndhA) and 8 tRNA genes (trnK-UUU, trnG-GCC, trnL-UAA, trnV-UAC, trnI-GAU × 2, and trnA-UGC × 2) were found to contain one intron, and two genes contain two introns (ycf3 and clpP). Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using 75 conserved protein-coding genes with those of 25 plant cp genomes by Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method in MEGA X (Kumar et al. Citation2018). The phylogenetic tree highly supported that C. aurantium was clustered to another species in the Rutaceae family (C. sinensis) with 100% bootstrap values (). The complete cp genome of C, aurantium will provide a useful basic genetic resource for the research of its various applications.
Figure 1. The NJ phylogenetic tree of 25 species based on 75 conserved protein-coding genes. Numbers in the nodes are bootstrap values from 1000 replicates. Accession numbers for tree reconstruction are listed right to their scientific names.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The sequencing data that support the findings of this study are openly available in NCBI Short Read Archive (SRA) (accession number: SRR9127838). The assembled mitochondrial genome sequence of Citrus aurantium has been submitted to GenBank under the accession number: MT106672 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT106672).
Additional information
Funding
References
- Carvalho-Freitas MIR, Costa M. 2002. Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. Biol Pharm Bull. 25(12):1629–1633.
- Chen S, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Gu J. 2018. Fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor. Bioinformatics. 34(17):i884–i890.
- Dierckxsens N, Mardulyn P, Smits G. 2017. NOVOPlasty: de novo assembly of organelle genomes from whole genome data. Nucleic Acids Res. 45(4):e18.
- Fugh-Berman A, Myers A. 2004. Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med (Maywood)). 229(8):698–704.
- Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. 2018. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 35(6):1547–1549.
- Qu X-J, Moore MJ, Li D-Z, Yi T-S. 2019. PGA: a software package for rapid, accurate, and flexible batch annotation of plastomes. Plant Methods. 15(1):50.
- Sharpe PA, Granner ML, Conway JM, Ainsworth BE, Dobre M. 2006. Availability of weight-loss supplements: results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city. J Am Diet Assoc. 106(12):2045–2051.