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ABSTRACT
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypical systemic autoimmune disease (AD). Precision medicine gives clinicians and society access to the information needed to create individually tailored programs to predict, prevent, and treat SLE. Although several biomarkers have been described for SLE, current expansion of knowledge on lupus genetics makes the implementation of genetic biomarkers possible. Herein, a comprehensive description of relevant SLE genetic biomarkers from the precision medicine perspective is offered. National inception cohorts should be created and the implementation of translational programs for the control of ADs such as SLE should be put into practice. Factors that are predictive of developing these conditions should be examined at the population level in order to establish preventive measures in at-risk individuals for whom healthcare should be personalized/precise and participatory. The implementation of such a program will allow the discovery of new mechanisms and a new taxonomy of ADs. The translational model should also involve educational and training programs together with digital participatory surveillance systems. Healthcare’s one-size-fits-all approach to treating patients will be replaced with a personalized/precision approach to medicine that focuses on individuals and each family member.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Nicolas Molano-Gonzalez and all the colleagues at the Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA) for their fruitful discussions and collaboration. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their many insightful comments and suggestions.
Declaration of interest
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. A reviewer on this manuscript receives royalties from University of Pittsburgh for patents related to lupus biomarkers and is a consultant for Exagen Diagnostics which has exclusive license to the U Pitt technology for lupus biomarkers.