Porongodendron minitensis gen. nov. sp. nov. a new lycopsid from the Mississippian of Argentina with adaptations to tundra-like conditions

ABSTRACT

The Mississippian is characterized worldwide by a general cooling of the environment and a climatic stratification of Earth. Argentina at that time was part of the megacontinent Gondwana. It occupied a position close to the South Pole around 60°S. Whereas paleoequatorial and paleotropical floras are relatively well known, higher latitude environments are still poorly understood. In this framework, a revision of Mississippian deposits is ongoing in Argentina. An extensive and detailed survey of the Sierra de las Minitas (La Rioja Province, western Argentina) involved drawing detailed sections and the systematic verification of all rock layers. Fossils were sampled and studied in the laboratory. We describe a new isoetalean lycopsid with a rare combination of characters. This plant presents an estimated low stature (approximately 30 cm), a branched rhizomorph, an inflated intermediary zone, a monocaulous growth form and evidence for cyclic fertility. These features are interpreted as representing specific adaptations to the harsher tundra conditions prevailing in the Lower Carboniferous Southern Polar environments.

KEYWORDS:

• Fertile zones
• Gondwana
• periodicity
• rhizomorph
• stigmaria
• Tournaisian

Acknowledgments

We would particularly like to thank all persons that were involved in the collecting of this material. The reconstructions were made by Santiago Druetta. We would also like to thank Richard Bateman and an anonymous reviewer for their very valuable and useful comments.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributions

The entire team carried out the field work and collecting of the material. Cyrille Prestianni prepared and studied the material. Juan José Rustán, Diego Balseiro and Emilio Vaccari ensured the logging and interpretation of the outcrop. They also wrote the geological context. Cyrille Prestianni interpreted the material and wrote the manuscript with inputs from the entire team.

Additional information

Funding

PC is hired under a Belspo Prf-2019(R)- 017_PaleoGreen FED-tWIN project from the Belgian Federal Government (PALEOGREEN). This research was supported by a FNRS travel grant.