506
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Coupled Human-Physical Dynamics

Agro-environmental Transitions in African Mountains: Shifting Socio-spatial Practices Amid State-Led Commercialization in Rwanda

Pages 360-370 | Received 01 Dec 2015, Accepted 01 Oct 2016, Published online: 03 Jan 2017
 

Abstract

Agricultural commercialization has been slow to take hold in mountain regions throughout the world. It has been particularly limited by challenges of mechanization, transportation access, and governance. Efforts at green-revolution style development have met with persistent failures in highland sub-Saharan Africa, where agricultural systems are often finely tuned to complex and dynamic social–ecological contexts. In Rwanda, a mountainous country in east central Africa, development efforts have long aimed to transition away from largely subsistence-based production that relies on high labor input toward commercial farming systems that are rooted in capital investment for marketable goods. Since 2005, Rwanda's land policy has become increasingly ambitious, aiming to reduce the 85 percent of households involved in agriculture to 50 percent by the year 2020. The country's Crop Intensification Program (CIP) compels farmers to consolidate land and cultivate government-selected crops. Although state assessments have touted the productivity gains created through the CIP, others speculate that households could be losing access to crucial resources. Research from both sides, however, has focused squarely on the CIP's immediate successes and failures without considering how households are responding to the program within the context of the complex and variable mountain environment. Drawing from political ecology and mountain geography, this article describes recent state-led agricultural commercialization in Rwanda as a partial and contested process. By analyzing complex land-use and livelihood changes, it fills an important conceptual and empirical research gap in understanding the environmental and social dynamics of the agrarian transitions of the highlands of Africa.

农业商业化, 缓慢地发生在全球的山区之中。此一过程特别受到机械化, 运输管道和治理等挑战的限制。绿色革命的发展形态之努力, 在亚撒哈拉非洲的高地遭遇了持续的失败, 其中农业系统经常细微地转向複杂且动态的社会生态脉络。在卢旺达这个位于中东非的一个山丘国度中, 发展意图长期以来旨在将仰赖劳力密集投入的大幅生计生产, 转向植基于可交易物品的资本投入之商业耕作系统。自 2005 年以来, 卢旺达的土地政策逐渐展现野心, 旨在 2020 年前, 将百分之八十五参与农业生产的家户数降至百分之五十。该国的耕作集约计画 (CIP) 强迫农人合併土地, 并耕种政府选定的作物。尽管国家评估吹捧透过 CIP 创造的生产力增长, 其他评估则质疑家户可能会损失取得关键资源的管道。但两造研究皆完全聚焦 CIP 的立即性功过, 却未能考量家户如何在複杂和多变的山区环境脉络中回应该计画。本文运用政治生态学和山区地理学, 描绘卢旺达晚近由国家主导的农业商业化, 作为不完全且受到争议的过程。本文透过分析複杂的土地使用和生计变迁, 弥补理解非洲高地农业变迁的环境与社会动态中重要的概念与经验研究之阙如。

La comercialización agrícola ha sido lenta en afianzarse en las regiones montañosas de todo el mundo. En particular, ha estado muy limitada por retos de mecanización, acceso al transporte y gobernanza. Los esfuerzos emprendidos siguiendo el estilo de desarrollo de la revolución verde han enfrentado fracasos recurrentes en las tierras altas del África subsahariana, donde los sistemas agrícolas a menudo están finamente calibrados con contextos socioecológicos complejos y dinámicos. En Ruanda, un país montañoso del lado oriental del África central, los esfuerzos de desarrollo han buscado desde hace tiempo apartar la agricultura, de una producción basada en gran medida en la subsistencia, dependiente en alto grado del trabajo, hacia sistemas agrarios comerciales que se basen en inversión de capital para una producción orientada al mercado. Desde el 2005, la política de tierras de Ruanda se ha tornado cada vez más ambiciosa, con la pretensión de reducir el 85 por ciento de las familias involucradas en agricultura a solo el 50 por ciento para el año 2020. El Programa de Intensificación de Cultivos del país (CIP) obliga a los cultivadores a consolidar la propiedad rural y a cultivar las cosechas seleccionadas por el gobierno. Aunque las evaluaciones oficiales alaban los supuestos logros del CIP, otros especulan que las unidades familiares del campo podrían estar perdiendo acceso a recursos cruciales. La investigación de los dos lados, sin embargo, se ha concentrado en los éxitos y fracasos inmediatos del CIP sin tomar en cuenta cómo están respondiendo las familias rurales al programa dentro del contexto del complejo y variable entorno montañoso. Con base en la ecología política y la geografía de montañas, este artículo describe la reciente comercialización agrícola en Ruanda manejada por el gobierno como un proceso incompleto y cuestionado. Analizando los cambios complejos del uso del suelo y en la subsistencia, el artículo llena un importante vacío conceptual y empírico para entender las dinámicas sociales y ambientales de la transición agraria en las tierras altas africanas.

Acknowledgments

Rwanda's Ministry of Education provided permits to conduct this study and I wish to acknowledge the International Center for Tropical Agriculture and the Rwanda Agriculture Board for providing institutional support. Fieldwork would not have been possible without the gracious help of hundreds of people throughout Rwanda. The study took shape with the guidance of Karl Zimmerer and Brian King and benefited from the careful attention of Dan Clay and Kayla Yurco. Feedback from Mark Fonstad and two anonymous reviewers also greatly improved this article. I alone am responsible for any errors in fact or interpretation.

Funding

This study was supported by the U.S. Fulbright Foundation, a Borlaug Fellowship for Global Food Security, and the Geography Department at Penn State University.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Nathan Clay

NATHAN CLAY is a PhD candidate in the Department of Geography at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. E-mail: [email protected]. He is also a visiting researcher at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Kigali, Rwanda. His research concentrates on issues of conservation and development, including environmental governance, livelihoods, food security, and vulnerability and adaptation to climate change.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 312.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.