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Coupled Human-Physical Dynamics

“Water Is Life”: Local Perceptions of Páramo Grasslands and Land Management Strategies Associated with Payment for Ecosystem Services

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Pages 371-381 | Received 01 Jan 2016, Accepted 01 Oct 2016, Published online: 03 Jan 2017
 

Abstract

Andean páramo grasslands have long supported human populations that depend on them as forage for livestock and, increasingly, have been recognized as critical water sources with large soil carbon stores and high levels of biodiversity. Recent conservation efforts have used payment for ecosystem services (PES) to incentivize land management that aims to enhance ecosystem services related to water, carbon, and biodiversity, as well as local livelihoods. Data to assess ecological and social outcomes of these programs are limited, however. In particular, a better understanding of how incentivized land management practices affect the local values and uses of páramos is needed. We conducted interviews with PES participants on their perceptions of the value of páramos and of management practices incentivized through PES—afforestation and removal of burning—and linked them with data on ecological outcomes of those practices. We found that local perceptions of páramo values include provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services, underpinning basic needs, security, health, and social relations. In some cases, local perceptions align with research on ecological outcomes of PES, whereas in others, expectations of PES participants are unlikely to be met. We also found examples of both synergies—where PES land management strengthens an existing páramo value—and trade-offs, in which existing benefits might be diminished. By improving understanding of how people perceive the benefits they obtain from páramos and how participation in PES is likely to affect those uses and values, our findings help connect local perceptions with ecological science to inform policy and management.

安地斯帕拉莫草原, 长期以来支持依赖其作為牲口粮草的人口, 并且逐渐被认為是具有大量土壤碳储存与高度生物多样性的关键水资源。晚近的保育努力, 运用付费生态系统服务 (PES), 以物质刺激来鼓励土地管理, 旨在强化与水资源、碳和生态多样性以及地方生计的生态系统管理服务。但取得这些计画的生态与社会结果的数据却相当有限。以物质刺激鼓励的土地管理实践, 如何影响地方价值和帕拉莫的使用, 则特别需要更进一步的理解。我们访谈 PES 的参与者, 理解他们对於帕拉莫的价值以及透过 PES 的物质刺激所鼓励的管理实践——造林和去除焚烧——之感知, 并将其连结至这些实践的生态结果之数据。我们发现, 对於帕拉莫价值的地方感知, 包含物质供给, 规范和文化生态系统服务, 支撑了基础需求, 安全, 健康和社会关係。在若干案例中, 地方感知与 PES 生态后果的研究相符合, 在其他案例中, PES 参与者的期待则难以被满足。我们同时发现协同——其中 PES 土地管理强化既有的帕拉莫价值——以及权衡的案例, 其中既有的效益可能会减弱。我们的研究发现透过促进对人们如何感知他们从帕拉莫中获得的益处, 以及参与 PES 如何可能影响这些使用与价值的理解, 协助将地方感知连结至生态科学, 以告知政策及管理。

Durante mucho tiempo, los pastizales paramunos andinos han sostenido poblaciones humanas que dependen de ellos para alimentar sus ganados al tiempo que, también, los páramos han sido reconocidos como cruciales fuentes de agua, con buena capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono y altos niveles de biodiversidad. Los esfuerzos de conservación recientes han usado el pago por servicios ecosistémicos (PES) para incentivar un manejo de tierras que propenda por el fortalecimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con agua, carbono y biodiversidad, lo mismo que como medio de sustento local. Sin embargo, los datos que permitan evaluar los resultados ecológicos y sociales de estos programas son limitados. Se requiere, en particular, entender mejor la manera como las prácticas promovidas sobre manejo de la tierra afectan los valores locales y el uso de los páramos. Practicamos entrevistas con participantes de los PES en relación con sus percepciones del valor de los páramos y de las prácticas de manejo que se incentivan a través de los PES––reforestación y eliminación de las quemas––y relacionamos esas entrevistas con los datos de los resultados ecológicos de tales prácticas. Descubrimos que las percepciones locales del valor de los páramos incluyen lo relacionado con abastecimiento, regulación y servicios ecosistémicos culturales, enfatizando necesidades básicas, seguridad, salud y relaciones sociales. En algunos casos, las percepciones locales concurren con la investigación sobre los resultados ecológicos de los PES, mientras en otros se evidencia la escasa probabilidad de que las expectativas de los participantes de los PES se logren. Descubrimos también ejemplos de ambas sinergias––donde el manejo de la tierra con los PES fortalece un valor existente del páramo––y de compensaciones, cuando los beneficios existentes pueden ser disminuidos. Al mejorar la comprensión sobre el modo como la gente percibe los beneficios que pueden derivar de los páramos y sobre cómo quizás afectará esos usos y valores su participación en los PES, nuestros hallazgos ayudan a conectar las percepciones locales con la ciencia ecológica para sustentar políticas y manejo.

Acknowledgments

We are extremely grateful to all of the people who took the time to be interviewed and provide their insight. For collaboration and support, we thank Carol Harden, Stuart White, José Alvear, the community of Zuleta, Fundación Cordillera Tropical, SocioPáramo (SocioBosque) staff, José Romero, Karina Paredes, Patricio Padrón, Ecociencia, Naturaleza y Cultura, the park guards of Sangay National Park, Mazar Wildlife Reserve, and Zuleta, Will Anderson, Daisy Cárate, and Sebastian Vasco.

Funding

This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0851532, a Fulbright Student Grant, and the San Diego State University Grant Program. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental data (interview questions related to the topics of páramo values and perceptions of incentivized land-management practices) for this article are available on the publisher's Web site at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1254020.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Kathleen A. Farley

KATHLEEN A. FARLEY is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182–4493. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research combines social science and ecological science to assess conservation policy and practice.

Leah L. Bremer

LEAH L. BREMER is a Conservation Scientist at The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research focuses on human–environment relationships and on strategies to link conservation and human well-being.

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