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Articles

Nature as Accumulation Strategy? Finance, Nature, and Value in Carbon Markets

Pages 605-619 | Received 01 May 2016, Accepted 01 Jul 2017, Published online: 27 Nov 2017
 

Abstract

This article examines the contradictions and possibilities of “nature as accumulation strategy” in light of the breakdown of accumulation in emissions trading and carbon offsetting schemes established by the European Union and United Nations. The first section revisits accounts of carbon markets as a state-driven accumulation strategy by drawing on work by geographers and other political economists who understand capitalist value relations as being actively constituted by nature and finance. The second section provides an overview of how carbon is traded and presents data to document the growth and decline of financial activity in the main global carbon markets, focusing on the impact of weak carbon prices. The third section analyzes accumulation dynamics in carbon markets in terms of the extent to which carbon has or could become an emergent form of capital. It argues that states have failed to support the carbon market accumulation strategy due to tensions between socioecological relations of appropriation and capitalization that are internal to the carbon commodity. It also argues, however, that the commodification of carbon, as “metanature,” contains the potential to sustain accumulation by comparing and enforcing the profitability of different forms of pollution. The conclusion discusses implications for critical political–economic research on finance, nature, and value in contemporary capitalism and the efficacy of market-based climate policy.

本文检视有鉴于欧盟与联合国所制定的排放交易与碳补偿计画的失败, “自然作为积累策略” 的冲突与可能性。第一部分运用将资本主义的价值关系理解为由自然与金融积极创造之物的地理学者与其他政治经济学者的研究, 重探碳市场作为国家驱动的积累策略。第二部分概述如何进行碳交易, 并呈现数据来记录全球主要的碳交易市场中, 金融活动的成长与衰退, 并聚焦低碳价的影响。第三部分, 分析有关碳所拥有的、或可能成为浮现中的资本形式的程度的碳市场之积累动态。本文主张, 由于内在于碳商品的取用和资本化的社会经济关系之间的冲突, 导致国家无法支持碳市场的积累策略。但本文同时主张, 碳的商品化作为“元自然”, 透过比较和执行不同污染形式的获益性, 同时带有维持积累的潜力。本文结论探讨对于当代资本主义中的金融、自然与价值的批判政治经济研究之意涵, 以及以市场为基础的气候政策的效用。

Este artículo examina las contradicciones y posibilidades de “la naturaleza como estrategia de acumulación” a la luz del colapso de la acumulación en los esquemas del negocio de las emisiones y la compensación del carbono establecidos por la Unión Europea y las Naciones Unidas. En la primera parte se visitan de nuevo las cuentas del mercado del carbono como estrategia de acumulación orientada por el estado, con base en el trabajo de geógrafos y otros economistas políticos que entienden las relaciones capitalistas de valor como constituidas activamente por la naturaleza y por las finanzas. La segunda parte suministra un resumen de cómo se comercia el carbono y se presentan datos para documentar el crecimiento y declinación de la actividad financiera en los principales mercados globales del carbono, centrándose en el impacto causado por los malos precios del carbono. La tercera parte analiza la dinámica de la acumulación en los mercados del carbono en términos de la extensión con la que el carbono ha podido o podría llegar a ser una forma emergente de capital. En el artículo se arguye que los estados han fallado en dar el apoyo apropiado a la estrategia de acumulación en el mercado del carbono debido a las tensiones entre las relaciones socioecológicas de apropiación y capitalización, que son internas a la mercadería del carbono. Sin embargo, también se arguye que la comodificación del carbono, como “metanaturaleza”, contiene el potencial de sostener la acumulación comparando y haciendo cumplir la rentabilidad de diferentes formas de polución. La conclusión discute sobre implicaciones para la investigación crítica político-económica en las finanzas, la naturaleza y el valor en el capitalismo contemporáneo y la eficacia de una política climática basada en el mercado.

Acknowledgments

Big thanks to Steffen Böhm, Dick Bryan, Brett Christophers, Gary Dymski, James McCarthy, Adam David Morton, Peter Newell, Joy Paton, Stuart Rosewarne, and Jason W. Moore for invaluable comments on earlier versions of this article. Thanks also to anonymous referees for the Annals of the American Association of Geographers for their exceptionally high-quality reviews. All errors are my own.

Note

Notes

1. Bloomberg uses a slightly different methodology to the World Bank figure cited in the introduction to this article but provides the most complete data set, running from 2005 to 2013. The World Bank figure was used in the Introduction for comparison reasons because it was reported in U.S. dollars.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Gareth Bryant

GARETH BRYANT is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Economy at the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on the marketization of different areas of socioecological life.

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