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Articles

Dig Your Own Well: A Political Ecology of Rural Institutions in Western Sub-Saharan Africa

Pages 1075-1095 | Received 01 Jul 2016, Accepted 01 Sep 2017, Published online: 23 Jan 2018
 

Abstract

This article examines the influence of changing demographic and human mobility patterns on present-day local institutions and access to basic services in Mali, West Africa. It offers a new political ecological perspective on how local institutions function in rural West Africa and how the spatial character of these institutions shapes service access. The article brings together evidence from archival sources, census data spanning the twentieth century, field surveys, and cartographic data in a novel geospatial analysis of decentralized governance in the western Malian region of Kayes. The article's principal argument is that historically higher population densities in Kayes's semiarid Sahelian zone compared with its subhumid Sudanian zone resulted in higher numbers of officially recognized villages and smaller administrative territories in the former. As population growth took off in the subhumid zone in recent decades, this important institutional difference—codified by law under a succession of governments—has created stark disparities in access to the most fundamental public service: safe drinking water. This article measures these disparities at several geographic scales and explains their causes, which include the permanent settlement of frontier areas where disease vectors had historically kept populations sparse and mobile. These findings reveal the fundamental yet overlooked spatial form and function of rural institutions that have a critical development mandate in one of the poorest regions in the world.

本文检视改变中的人口和人类迁徙模式, 对于位于西非的马利当前的地方制度和基础服务取得所带来的影响。本文对于地方制度如何在西非乡村运作, 以及这些制度的空间特徵如何形塑服务管道, 提供一个崭新的政治生态学视角。本文将档案资源、横跨二十世纪的人口调查数据、田野调查, 以及製图数据, 汇集于对卡伊的西马利地区的去中心化治理所进行的崭新地理空间分析。本文的主要论点在于, 与卡伊次半溼润的苏丹地区相较之下, 半乾旱的萨赫勒区在历史上较高的人口密度, 导致拥有更多数官方认可的聚落, 以及较小的行政领域。晚近数十年来, 当人口成长在半溼润地区发生后, 此一重要的制度差异——由相继的政府进行法律编纂——创造了取得饮用水这个最根本的公共服务上的显着差异。本文评估这些在若干地理尺度上的差异, 并解释它们的导因, 包括边陲地区的永久定居, 疾病媒介使得人口在历史上分散并呈现流动。这些研究发现, 揭露了乡村制度中根本但被忽略的空间形态与功能, 而它们在这个世界上最为穷困的地区之一中, 具有关键的发展使命。

Este artículo examina la influencia de los cambiantes patrones demográficos y de movilidad humana sobre las instituciones locales de la actualidad y el acceso a los servicios básicos en Mali, África occidental. El artículo ofrece una nueva perspectiva ecológica política sobre cómo funcionan las instituciones locales en el África occidental rural, y cómo se configura el acceso a los servicios por el carácter espacial de estas instituciones. El artículo junta la evidencia de fuentes archivísticas, datos censales que cubren el siglo XX, estudios de campo y datos cartográficos en un novedoso análisis geoespacial de gobernanza descentralizada en la región de Kayes, Mali occidental. El principal argumento del artículo es que las densidades de población históricamente más altas en la zona saheliana semiárida de Kayes, comparada con su zona sudanesa subhúmeda, han dado lugar en la primera a un mayor número de aldeas oficialmente reconocidas y territorios administrativos más pequeños. Cuando en recientes décadas despegó el crecimiento de la población en la zona subhúmeda, esta importante diferencia institucional––codificada por ley bajo una sucesión de gobiernos––ha creado fuertes disparidades de acceso al más fundamental de los servicios públicos: agua potable garantizada. Este artículo mide esas disparidades a varias escalas geográficas y explica sus causas, las cuales incluyen el poblamiento permanente de las áreas de frontera donde los vectores de enfermedades históricamente han mantenido las poblaciones poco densas y móviles. Estos hallazgos revelan la forma espacial y función fundamental, aunque a veces ignoradas, de las instituciones rurales que tienen un mandato de desarrollo crítico en una de las regiones más pobres del mundo.

Acknowledgments

Shonda Kuiper provided statistical expertise and Mamadou Diakité, Bakary Coulibaly, and Lassine Ba provided indispensable fieldwork assistance. Constructive feedback on previous drafts was provided by participants in the Grinnell College Data Seminar Series, Eliza Willis, Matthew Turner, Tor Benjaminsen, and William Moseley, plus three anonymous reviewers.

Additional information

Funding

Generous financial support was provided by the Grinnell College Committee for the Support of Faculty Scholarship and the National Science Foundation Grant #1130081.

Notes on contributors

Leif V. Brottem

LEIF V. BROTTEM is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science and Global Development Studies Program at Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on local institutions in West Africa and how human mobility affects access to resources in rural areas.

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