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Forum: Context and Uncertainty in Geography and GIScience

Complexity and Uncertainty in Geography of Health Research: Incorporating Life-Course Perspectives

Pages 1491-1498 | Received 01 Jul 2017, Accepted 01 Oct 2017, Published online: 12 Feb 2018
 

Abstract

Geographers, including those interested in the relationships between health and place, have made important contributions to how, when, and where humans are exposed to and influenced by different spatial contexts. Using detailed and sometimes real-time spatial and temporal data, geographers have enhanced our understanding of how people move within and between different social and physical environments and the implications for health outcomes and behaviors. Yet almost all of this work focuses on spatial–temporal mobility over short time periods (e.g., day, week), and there has been little effort to understand the extent to which people are exposed to different types of places and environments over their full life span. This article examines the analytic possibilities of, and technical challenges to, incorporating this uncertainty into a life-course framework to better understand (1) the accumulation of environmental circumstances over life and (2) whether there are critical periods during life when aspects of place are particularly pertinent in understanding health. It is argued that this approach not only offers opportunities to better understand the complex relationships between health and place (and other social outcomes) but can strengthen the evidence for causal relationships between the environment and health. Finally, there is a brief discussion of some of our own nascent work considering these issues using longitudinal data collected in the United Kingdom.

地理学者, 包括对健康和地方之间的关系感兴趣者, 已对人类如何、何时与何地暴露于不同的空间脉络中并受其影响作出重要的贡献。地理学者已运用细緻且有时是即时的时空数据, 促进我们对于人们如何在不同的社会与物理环境之中和之间移动, 及其对健康后果与行为所带来的意涵之理解。但这些研究几乎全数聚焦短期的时空移动 (例如一日、一週), 却鲜少有研究致力于理解人们在一生中暴露于不同的地方类型与环境的程度。本文检视将此一不确定性纳入生平架构, 以更佳地理解 (1) 一生中环境事件的积累和 (2) 在一生中, 是否有地方面向对于理解健康而言特别重要的关键时期时, 在分析上的可能性与技术上的挑战。本文主张, 此方法不仅提供机会以更佳地理解健康和地方 (以及其他社会后果) 之间的复杂关系, 同时能够强化环境与健康之间的因果关系之证据。最后, 本文将简要探讨我们晚近运用在英国搜集的长程数据所进行的若干相关研究。

Incluyendo a aquellos que se interesan en las relaciones entre salud y lugar, los geógrafos han hecho contribuciones importantes en lo que concierne al cómo, cuándo y dónde se exponen los seres humanos a diferentes contextos espaciales y son influenciados por los mismos. Con el uso de datos detallados y a veces espaciales y temporales de tiempo real, los geógrafos han mejorado nuestra comprensión del modo como la gente se desplaza entre diferentes entornos sociales y físicos, y dentro de los mismos, y de las implicaciones que esos movimientos tienen para la salud y el comportamiento de la gente. Sin embargo, casi todo este trabajo se enfoca en la movilidad espacio–temporal en el curso de períodos de tiempo cortos (e.g., día, semana), y muy poco esfuerzo se le ha dedicado a entender el alcance con el que la gente se expone a diferentes tipos de lugares y entornos a lo largo de toda su vida. Este artículo examina las posibilidades analíticas y los retos técnicos de incorporar esta incertidumbre en un marco que incluya todo el curso de la vida, para entender mejor, (1) la acumulación de circunstancias ambientales en la vida, y (2) si existen períodos críticos en el curso de la vida cuando aspectos de lugar son particularmente pertinentes en la comprensión de la salud. Se argumenta que este enfoque no solo proporciona oportunidades para mejor entender las relaciones complejas que pueden darse entre salud y lugar (y otros resultados sociales) sino que puede fortalecer la evidencia de relaciones causales entre el medio ambiente y la salud. Por último, se presenta una breve discusión de parte del trabajo en que nos hallamos comprometidos sobre estos asuntos, usando datos longitudinales recogidos en el Reino Unido.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Sarah Curtis, Niamh Shortt, Rich Mitchell, and Mark Cherrie for their insightful comments.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jamie R. Pearce

JAMIE R. PEARCE is Professor of Heath Geography and Co-Director of the Centre for Research on Environment, Society & Health in the School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include geographical explanations for health inequalities and behaviors such as the use of tobacco and alcohol.

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