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Articles

Late Holocene Climate Change in Central Mexico and the Decline of Teotihuacan

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Pages 104-120 | Received 01 Nov 2017, Accepted 01 May 2018, Published online: 20 Dec 2018
 

Abstract

For decades, scientists have been trying to determine the causes that led to the decline of Teotihuacan, and they have suggested several possible factors, including wars, social conflict, and droughts. The causality remains unclear, however, and interest in the topic has hardly subsided. In this study, we assess the plausibility of the drought hypothesis by exploring the drought mechanisms in late Holocene central Mexico. Our δ18O records provide valuable information regarding climate variations in late Holocene central Mexico. For example, El Niño–Southern Oscillation decoupled from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) mainly drove late Holocene climate, particularly between 900 and 1550 CE, causing a dry Medieval Climate Anomaly and a wet early Little Ice Age. Most interesting, our results indicate that the decline of Teotihuacan could be partially attributed to seventh-century droughts induced by a coupling of pronounced El Niño and reduced solar output (i.e., a more southern location of the ITCZ). Also, these droughts seem to have caused a corresponding migration from the west into the Basin of Mexico. Key Words: central Mexico, climate change, late Holocene, Teotihuacan.

数十年来,科学家们尝试指认导致特奥蒂瓦坎衰败的原因,并提出若干可能因素,包括战争、社会冲突,以及乾旱。但其原因仍不甚明确,而对此议题的兴趣亦丝毫不见衰退。我们于本研究中,通过探讨墨西哥中部在全新世晚期的乾旱过程,评估乾旱假说的可信度。我们的洞穴沉积 δ18氧同位素的纪录,提供墨西哥中部全新世晚期的气候变异之宝贵信息。例如圣婴南方振盪现象与热带幅合带(ITCZ)脱钩,主导了全新世晚期的气候,特别是在公元九百到一千五百五十年之间,导致了乾燥的中世纪气候异常,以及潮湿的早期小冰期。最有趣的是,我们的研究结果指出,特奥蒂瓦坎的衰败,可能部分是由第七世纪时由显着的圣婴现象和减少的太阳能产出(例如位于更南方的 ITCZ)共同引发的乾旱所导致。此外,这些乾旱似乎导致了从墨西哥西部到盆地地区的相应人口迁徙。 关键词:墨西哥中部,气候变迁,全新世晚期,特奥蒂瓦坎。

Durante décadas, los científicos han estado tratando de determinar las causas que condujeron a la declinación de Teotihuacán, respecto de lo cual ellos han sugerido varios factores posibles, que incluyen guerras, conflicto social y sequía. Sin embargo, esa causalidad sigue confusa, y el interés en el tema casi no ha menguado. En el presente estudio, evaluamos la plausibilidad de la hipótesis de la sequía explorando los mecanismos de sequedad prolongada en el México central del Holoceno tardío. Nuestros registros δ18O aportan valiosa información en lo que concierne a las variaciones climáticas del centro de México a finales del Holoceno. Por ejemplo, la escisión de El Niño–Oscilación del Sur de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (ITCZ) movió principalmente el clima de finales del Holoceno, en particular entre 900 y 1550 CE, causando una Anomalía Climática Medieval seca y una temprana Pequeña Edad del Hielo húmeda. De singular interés, nuestros resultados indican que la declinación de Teotihuacán podría atribuirse parcialmente a las sequías del siglo VII inducidas por la concurrencia de un El Niño intensificado y una reducida intensidad solar (esto es, una localización más meridional de la ITCZ). También, estas sequías parecen haber causado una correspondiente migración desde el oeste hacia la Cuenca de México. Palabras clave: centro de México, cambio climático, Holoceno tardío, Teotihuacán.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015R1D1A1A01056638). Financial support for this study was also partially provided by the University of California Institute for Mexico and the United States (UC MEXUS).

Notes on contributors

Jungjae Park

JUNGJAE PARK is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on reconstructing climate and anthropogenic environmental change.

Roger Byrne

ROGER BYRNE is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include human–environment interactions, late Quaternary climate change, and origins of agriculture.

Harald Böhnel

HARALD BÖHNEL is a Professor in Centro de Geociencias, Universidad National Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include paleomagnetism, rock magnetism, and variation in the Earth’s magnetic field.

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