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Articles

Quantifying Proximity and Conformity between Road Networks, Urban Streams, and Watershed Boundaries

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Pages 35-49 | Received 01 May 2017, Accepted 01 Jun 2018, Published online: 19 Nov 2018
 

Abstract

Human activity produces distinct patterns within urban watersheds. In some low-relief urban watersheds, road networks frequently emerge as localized topographic highs in the landscape that rearrange the boundary of the watershed and increase the conformity between the stream network and road network. This study introduces and applies a geospatial metric to assess levels of correspondence between watershed characteristics (stream network, watershed boundary) and road network. A modified version of the automated proximity and conformal analysis is used to highlight areas of high, medium, and low conformity between linear features within the Rouge River watershed, a highly urbanized watershed in southeast Michigan. Watershed boundary and stream networks were extracted using high-resolution (<1 m) light detection and ranging data to detect subtle topographic variability. More than 75 percent of the Rouge River watershed boundary is considered “proximal” to the road network (of which more than 70 percent is classified as high or medium conformity), and 72 percent of the stream network is proximal to roads. Conformity is especially pronounced near the watershed outlet, which includes the heavily urbanized City of Detroit. Urban watershed boundaries and stream network patterns are likely influenced more by human activity than originally anticipated, but the environmental impact of conformity on watershed health and both physical and biochemical stream processes requires more attention as urbanization rates and intensities continue increasing worldwide. Key Words: conformity, impervious surface coverage, proximity, stream network, transportation infrastructure.

人类活动在城市流域中创造了特殊的模式。在若干地势低的城市流域中, 路网经常成为地景中重新排列流域边界以及增加水流网络和路网之间的相似性的地方化地形高点。本研究引介并应用一个地理空间度量, 评估流域特徵(水流网络、流域边界)和路网之间的相符程度。本研究运用修改过的自动化邻近性与相符性分析之版本, 强调红河流域的线状地物之间的高、中、低相符程度, 该流域是密西根东南部高度城市化之地。本研究运用高解析度(<1公尺)的光学雷达来取得流域的边界和水流网络, 以侦测细微的地形变异。超过百分之七十五的红河流域边界被视为接近路网(其中超过百分之七十被归类为高度或中度相符), 以及百分之七十二的水流网络邻近道路。相似度在流域出口附近特别显着, 并包含高度城市化的底特律市。城市流域边界和水流网络模式, 很可能较原先预期的更加受到人类活动的影响, 但在全世界城市化的速率以及密集度持续增长之际, 相符性对于流域健康以及物理和生态化学水流过程的环境冲击, 则需要更多的关注。 关键词:相符性, 不透水表层覆盖率, 邻近性, 水流网络, 交通建设。

La actividad humana produce diversos patrones en las cuencas urbanas. En algunas de estas cuencas con relieve bajo, las redes viales con frecuencia aparecen en el paisaje como alturas topográficas conspicuas que rediseñan el límite de la cuenca e incrementan la conformidad entre la red de corrientes y el tejido de calles. Este estudio introduce y aplica una métrica geoespacial para evaluar los niveles de correspondencia entre las características de la cuenca (red de corrientes, límite de la cuenca) y la red de calles. Se usó una versión modificada del análisis conformal y de proximidad automatizado para destacar las áreas de conformidad alta, media y baja entre rasgos lineales dentro de la cuenca del Río Rouge, una cuenca altamente urbanizada en el sudeste de Michigan. El límite de la cuenca y las redes de corrientes se extrajeron usando detección de luz de alta resolución (<1m) y datos de rango para detectar la variación topográfica imperceptible. Más del 75 por ciento del límite de la cuenca del Río Rouge se consideró “proximal” a la red de calles (del la cual más del 70 por ciento se clasifica como de alta o media conformidad), y el 72 por ciento de la red de corrientes es proximal a las calles. La conformidad es especialmente pronunciada cerca de la salida de la cuenca, que incluye el área fuertemente urbanizada de la ciudad de Detroit. Los límites de la cuenca urbana y los patrones de las redes de corrientes son influidos por las actividades humanas más de lo que originalmente se anticipaba, aunque el impacto ambiental de la conformidad sobre la salud de la cuenca y los procesos físico y bioquímicos de la corriente demandan mayor atención en cuanto que las tasas e intensidades de la urbanización continúan en aumento en todo el mundo. Palabras clave: conformidad, cubierta superficial impermeable, infraestructura de transportes, proximidad, red de corrientes.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank four anonymous reviewers for their thorough critique and suggestions during multiple revisions of this article.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jacob A. Napieralski

JACOB A. NAPIERALSKI is a Professor of Geology in the Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include glacial and fluvial geomorphology, urban green spaces, space–time analytics of human–natural environment interactions, and natural and anthropogenic environmental change. His work focuses on the Great Lakes, Cyprus, and Scandinavia.

Brian Giroux

BRIAN GIROUX recently graduated from the Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, with a degree in Environmental Science and a Certificate in Geospatial Analysis and Mapping. E-mail: [email protected]. He is currently a GIS Technician at ASTI Environmental in southeastern Michigan.

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