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Articles

Appetite for Imprecision: The Role of Bureaucracy in Implementing a Pay-for-Performance Program

Pages 1208-1225 | Received 01 Oct 2017, Accepted 01 Aug 2018, Published online: 09 Mar 2019
 

Abstract

Pay-for-performance (PfP) conservation programs emphasize data and modeling to more cost-effectively target incentive payments. Geographers question the rationalist impulse to quantify and problematize the role of techno-science—models, metrics, accounting protocols, and standards—in performing economic rationalities. The critique of techno-science, however, directs empirical research toward the political economy of knowledge production with little consideration of the role of bureaucratic organization in performing calculations. In this article, I study the bureaucratic work in coordinating the largest agri-environmental PfP program in the United States—the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). Data for this article were collected in North Dakota, a top-five CSP recipient state. Through semistructured interviews and participant observation of bureaucratic encounters with farmers in localized offices, I found that the situated nature of the street-level bureaucracy placed it in a unique position to interpret, probe, undermine, and promote the PfP agenda. The article argues that data-driven technologies in the CSP were designed with a considerable appetite for imprecision. The appetite for imprecision reflects a structural problem conditioned by the interaction of economic rationality with the nature of technical innovation, administrative rationalities, and political opportunism. Given the momentum to expand data-driven technologies in conservation, the article calls on geographers to consider the dynamic and incomplete ways in which data are mobilized in practice and what efforts to be more transparent eventually conceal.

按绩效给薪(PfP)的保育计画,强调数据与模式化,以更符合成本效益的方式瞄准奖励津贴。地理学者质问量化的理性主义驱力,并问题化技术与科技——模式、度量、会计协定和标准——在展现经济理性中的角色。对技术科学的批评,将经验研究导向知识生产的政治经济学,却鲜少考量官僚组织在执行计算中的角色。我于本文中,研究协调美国最大规模的农业环境PfP计画“保育管理人计画(CSP)”的官僚作业。本文的数据蒐集自北达科他州,该州是CSP的第五大受惠州。我通过半结构式访谈,以及官僚在地方办公室与农民的会面之参与式观察,发现街区层级官僚视境况而定的本质,将其置于诠释、探查、损害与提倡PfP议程的特殊位置。本文主张,CSP中由数据驱动的技术设计具有大量的不精确性。不精确的倾向,反映出由经济理性和技术创新、行政理性与政治机会主义的本质互动所限制的结构性问题。有鉴于在保育中扩张由数据驱动的技术之动力,本文号召地理学者考量数据实际被动员的动态且不完整的方式,以及追求更为透明的努力最终掩盖了什麽。

Los programas de conservación en el sistema de pagar por lo que se haga (PfP) enfatizan los datos y el modelado para los incentivos de pagos que se basan en consideraciones de costo-eficiencia. Los geógrafos cuestionan el impulso racionalista de cuantificar y problematizar el rol de la tecno-ciencia ––modelos, métricas, protocolos contables y estándares–– para representar las racionalidades económicas. La crítica de la tecno-ciencia, sin embargo, orienta la investigación empírica hacia la economía política de la producción de conocimiento con poca consideración del rol de la organización burocrática en la realización de los cálculos. En este artículo estudio el trabajo burocrático de coordinar el más grande programa PfP agro-ambiental de los Estados Unidos ––el Programa de Manejo de la Conservación (CSP)––. Los datos para este artículo fueron recogidos en Dakota del Norte, un estado recipiente del CSP, entre los cinco principales. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación participativa de los encuentros burocráticos con agricultores en oficinas localizadas, descubrí que la naturaleza situada de la burocracia a pie de calle los coloca en una posición única para interpretar, probar, socavar y promover la agenda PfP. El artículo arguye que las tecnologías orientadas por datos en el CSP se diseñaron considerable apetito por la imprecisión. El apetito de imprecisión refleja un problema estructural condicionado por la interacción de la racionalidad económica con la naturaleza de la innovación técnica, las racionalidades administrativas y el oportunismo político. Considerando el momento de expandir tecnologías orientadas por datos sobre conservación, el artículo incita a los geógrafos a tomar en cuenta la dinámica y las maneras incompletas como se movilizan los datos en la práctica, y lo que los esfuerzos por ser más transparentes eventualmente disimulan.

Acknowledgments

I thank Steven Wolf, Wendy Wolford, Trevor Pinch, Mike Lynch, and Todd Walter for supporting this research. A version of this paper was presented at the Science and Democracy Network (SDN) in Cambridge, MA in 2017 and the annual meeting of the American Association of Geographers in 2017. I am grateful to comments from Ranjit Singh, Samir Passi, Eric Nost, Jenny Goldstein on earlier versions of the manuscript. Editorial and analytical comments by Kristine Ann Bybee-Finley strengthen the article. Comments from the Editor and four anonymous reviewers are also sincerely appreciated.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ritwick Ghosh

RITWICK GHOSH is a Faculty Fellow in the Department of Environmental Studies at New York University, New York, NY 10003. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests focus on the changing nature of environmental policy and institutions in response to global environmental change.

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