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Articles

Intensification of Midwestern Agriculture as a Regional Climate Modifier and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Moisture Source

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 1775-1794 | Received 30 Jun 2018, Accepted 04 Feb 2019, Published online: 19 Jun 2019
 

Abstract

Agricultural land use changes have likely played an important role in modifying local and regional climate factors. According to a recent study, summers in the Midwest were significantly cooler and wetter due to the dramatic increases in production of corn and soybeans caused by an intensification of agricultural practices (Alter et al. Citation2018). In this context, this study examines regional changes manifested in multiple climate variables and directly quantifies the magnitude of potential moisture contributions from Midwest corn and soybean agriculture. Meteorological data were collected for daily minimum, maximum, and dewpoint temperatures over a sixty-one-year study period from fifty-nine National Weather Service first-order stations and cooperative network stations. Regional growing season climatology for two study regions that focused on the rain-fed Midwest Corn Belt and the southern United States extending to the Gulf Coast was analyzed. Further, vapor pressure deficit was calculated to ascertain any regional changes. Field surveys of corn and soybean crop transpiration were used in a multivariate model to estimate lower atmospheric moisture contributions at midday during peak season directly from intensified rain-fed agriculture. Findings indicate an increase in regional dewpoint, associated with elevated nocturnal minimums and suppression of both daily maximum and vapor pressure deficit, concentrated in the Midwest Corn Belt, which was not evident within the South. The estimation results of the atmospheric moisture contributions from the Corn Belt confirm the intensification of Midwestern agriculture as a regional climate modifier. Key Words: agriculture, dewpoint, energy balance, humidity, regional climate.

农业土地使用变迁很可能在更改地方与区域气候因素中扮演了重要角色。根据一项晚近的研究,由于农业活动的增强所导致的玉米与黄豆生产的剧增,使得中西部的夏天显着地较为凉爽与潮湿 (Alter et al. 2018)。本研究在此脉络下,检视在多重气候变因中展现的区域变迁,并直接对中西部玉米与大豆农业所导致的潜在湿气程度进行量化。本研究从五十九座全国一级气象服务站与协作网络站,搜集六十一年研究期间每日最小、最大以及露点温度之气象数据,分析聚焦中西部雨养玉米带和美国南方延伸至海湾沿岸的两大研究区域的区域成长季气候学。再者,本研究计算水气压力差,以确认每个区域变化。本研究将玉米和大豆作物蒸腾的田野调查运用于多变因模型,以评估直接来自增加的雨养农业之较低的大气湿气在旺季正午的作用。研究结果指出,与增高的夜间最小值和压迫每日最大值与水气压力差相关的区域露点的增加,聚焦于中西部玉米带,在南方则不显着。此般来自玉米带的大气湿度贡献之评估结果,确认了中西部农业作为区域气候改变者的角色有所增强。关键词:农业,露点温度,能源平衡,湿度,区域气候。

Los cambios en el uso del suelo en agricultura probablemente han jugado un papel importante en la modificación de los factores climáticos locales y regionales. De acuerdo con un estudio reciente, los veranos del Medio Oeste fueron significativamente más frescos y más húmedos debido a los dramáticos incrementos en la producción de maíz y soya causados por la intensificación de las prácticas agrícolas (Alter et al. 2018). En este contexto, este estudio examina los cambios regionales que se manifiestan en múltiples variables climáticas y cuantifica directamente la magnitud de las contribuciones de la humedad potencial de la agricultura del maíz y la soya del Medio Oeste. Se obtuvieron datos meteorológicos de temperaturas para el mínimo diario, el máximo y el punto de rocío, en un período de estudio de sesenta y un años, de cincuenta y nueve estaciones de primer orden del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional y de la red estaciones cooperativas. Se analizó la climatología regional para la estación de crecimiento de las plantas para dos regiones de estudio, el cual se concentró en el Cinturón del Maíz del Medio Oeste alimentado por las lluvias y los Estados Unidos meridionales que se extienden hasta la Costa del Golfo. Se calculó, además, el déficit de presión del vapor de agua para establecer los cambios regionales. Se usaron estudios de campo de transpiración de las cosechas de maíz y soya en un modelo multivariado para calcular directamente las contribuciones de la humedad de la atmósfera inferior al mediodía durante la estación pico en la agricultura intensificada alimentada por lluvia. Los hallazgos indican un incremento en el punto de rocío regional, asociado a los mínimos nocturnos incrementados y la supresión del máximo diurno y el déficit de presión del vapor, concentrados en el Cinturón del Maíz del Medio Oeste, lo cual no se evidenció en el Sur. Los resultados de la estimación de la contribución de la humedad atmosférica del Cinturón del Maíz confirman la intensificación de la agricultura del Medio Oeste como modificador regional del clima. Palabras clave: agricultura, balance calórico, clima regional, humedad, punto de rocío.

Acknowledgments

We thank Jeff Gieseke at Oakland Farm for use of his agricultural production fields during the 2017 growing season. His participation was paramount to the success of the study. We also thank David Changnon and the two anonymous reviewers for their critiques and suggestions that were helpful in improving the article.

Notes

1 The mole unit is a molecular measure of quantity representing a specific number of individual molecules (6.022 × 1023) for any given pure substance.

2 Volumetric conversion of transpiration (mmol to mL): mmol H2O÷1×103=mol H2O×18gmol=g H2O÷1gmL=mL H2O.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Andrew C. Hill

ANDREW C. HILL is a PhD student and Research Assistant in the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences at University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716. E-mail: [email protected].  His research interests include ecosystems ecology, soil–plant–atmosphere interactions, climate change, environmental monitoring, and phenology.

Martin Mitchell

MARTIN MITCHELL is a Professor and Distinguished Faculty Scholar in the Department of Geography at Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include climatology and natural resources in North America and post–Cold War geopolitical developments in the Indo-Pacific Basin.

Fei Yuan

FEI YUAN is a Professor and Distinguished Faculty Scholar in the Department of Geography at Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research focuses on environmental monitoring and resource mapping using geospatial technologies.

Christopher T. Ruhland

CHRISTOPHER T. RUHLAND is a Professor and Distinguished Faculty Scholar in the Department of Biological Sciences at Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001.  E-mail: [email protected].  His research interests include plant ecophysiology, photosynthesis, climate change, agroecology, and polar systems.

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