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Articles

The New Mongolian State Herder: Examining Invocations and Improvisations of the State in Rural Mongolia

Pages 882-898 | Received 20 May 2017, Accepted 10 May 2019, Published online: 05 Sep 2019
 

Abstract

This article aims to advance understandings of contemporary state-making in rural Mongolia, contingent on historical processes rather than a taken-for-granted natural category. Writing on postsocialist Mongolia often emphasizes the “retreat of the state” in rural areas; this article offers a counterpoint to this discourse by illustrating the ways in which herder livelihoods and the idealization of herder labor are actively drawn into contemporary state-making practices. Based on ethnographic research in Bayanhongor province, this article examines the interactions between an active local government administration system and pastoralist households at the subdistrict level in rural Mongolia. The analysis focuses on the implementation of two government initiatives tailored for herder households: a State Herder diploma, medal, and stamp, as well as a government–herder communication notebook. Governmentality studies, performativity theory, and the concept of improvisation provide a conceptual framework to argue that the neoliberal retreat of the state in rural Mongolia does not adequately capture the types of state-making in the 2010s. Rather, it proposes that scholars should shift attention to how the rural governance works on the ground and focus on the ways in which the state is invoked and made visible in everyday practice with attention to historical legacies. Key Words: governmentality, improvisation, Mongolia, pastoralism, the state.

本文旨在推进对蒙古国乡村中的当代国家打造之理解,该实践取决于历史过程,而非不证自明的自然范畴。有关后社会主义时期蒙古的写作,经常强调乡村地区中的“国家撤离”;本文通过描绘牧人的生计和牧人劳动的理想化如何被积极地引入当代国家打造的实践之中,提供相对于上述论述的主张。本文根据在巴彦洪戈尔省的民族志研究,检视蒙古乡村次区域层级中,积极的地方政府行政系统与牧人家户之间的互动。本分析聚焦为牧人家户量身定制的两大政府措施的施行:国家牧人证书、奖牌与图章,以及政府—牧人沟通手册。治理术研究、展演理论,以及即兴的概念,提供一个概念性的框架,主张国家在蒙古乡村的新自由主义撤离,无法适当地捕捉 2010 年代的国家打造型式。反之,本文建议学者应关注乡村治理如何实际执行,并将焦点转移至国家在每日生活中被召唤并使之可见的实践方式,同时关注历史遗绪。关键词:治理术,即兴,蒙古,游牧主义,国家。

Este artículo pretende contribuir en el avance de entendimientos sobre la construcción contemporánea de estado en la Mongolia rural, más contingente con los procesos históricos que como categoría natural sobreentendida. Los escritos sobre la Mongolia postsocialista a menudo enfatizan la “retirada del estado” de las áreas rurales; este artículo presenta un contrapunto a ese discurso, ilustrando las maneras como los medios de vida de los pastores y la idealización del trabajo pastoril son activamente involucrados en las prácticas contemporáneas de construcción de estado. A partir de investigación etnográfica adelantada en la provincia de Bayanhongor, este artículo examina las interacciones entre el sistema administrativo de un gobierno local activo y los hogares pastoralistas, a nivel subdistrital, en la Mongolia rural. El análisis se enfoca sobre la implementación de dos iniciativas gubernamentales diseñadas específicamente para familias de pastores: un diploma para el Pastor del Estado, con medalla y estampilla, lo mismo que un cuaderno de comunicaciones del gobierno para el pastor. Estudios de gobermentalidad, teoría de la performatividad y el concepto de la improvisación proveen un marco conceptual para argüir que la retirada neoliberal del estado en Mongolia rural no plasma adecuadamente los tipos de construcción de estado de la década del 2010. Alternativamente, el artículo propone que los estudiosos deberían reorientar su atención hacia el modo como la gobernanza rural opera en el terreno y enfocarse en las maneras como el estado es invocado y gana visibilidad en la práctica cotidiana, con atención a los legados históricos. Palabras clave: el estado, gobermentalidad, improvisación, Mongolia, pastoralismo.

Acknowledgments

Sincere thanks go to the people of Olziit and Byanhongor province for their support and continued friendship. I am grateful to Dawn Chatty, Craig Jeffrey, Fiona McConnell, and Troy Sternberg for providing comments on early drafts of this article. Additionally, special thanks to Aoife Haney, Stefania Innocenti, Radhika Kosla, and Caitlin McElroy for the inspiration to write. Finally, my sincerest appreciation goes to the three anonymous reviewers for their rigorous comments and to Nik Heynen for his editorial insights. Any mistakes are mine alone.

Notes

1 A bag is the smallest administrative unit in Mongolia and is a subunit of a sum (county), which in turn make up aimag (provinces).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ariell Ahearn

ARIELL AHEARN is a Departmental Lecturer at the School for Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QY, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include mobile pastoralism, the state and environmental governance, and social change in rural Mongolia and Inner Asia.

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