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Articles

Assessing Mobility-Based Real-Time Air Pollution Exposure in Space and Time Using Smart Sensors and GPS Trajectories in Beijing

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Pages 434-448 | Received 26 Nov 2018, Accepted 22 Jun 2019, Published online: 11 Oct 2019
 

Abstract

Using real-time data from portable air pollutant sensors and smartphone Global Positioning System trajectories collected in Beijing, China, this study demonstrates how smart technologies and individual activity-travel microenvironments affect the assessment of individual-level pollution exposure in space and time at a very fine resolution. It compares three different types of individual-level exposure estimates generated by using residence-based monitoring station assessment, mobility-based monitoring station assessment, and mobility-based real-time assessment. Further, it examines the differences in personal exposure to PM2.5 associated with different activity places and travel modes across various environmental conditions. The results show that the exposure estimates generated by monitoring station assessment and real-time sensing assessment vary substantially across different activity locations and travel modes. Individual-level daily exposure for residents living in the same community also varies significantly, and there are substantial differences in exposure levels using different approaches. These results indicate that residence- or mobility-based monitoring station assessments, which cannot account for the differences in air pollutant exposures between outdoor and indoor environments and between different travel-related microenvironments, could generate considerably biased estimates of personal pollution exposure. Key Words: indoor environment, real-time exposure to air pollution, smart technologies, travel modes, the uncertain geographic context problem.

本研究运用可携式空气污染感应器与手机全球定位系统轨迹在中国北京所搜集的实时数据,在极细微的分辨路上展现智慧科技与个人的活动—旅行之微观环境,如何影响个人层级在时空中的污染暴露量。本研究比较通过运用以居住为基础的监测站评估、根据移动的监测站评估,以及根据移动的实时评估所产生的污染暴露估计。此外,本研究检视与横跨各种环境条件的不同活动场所和旅行方式有关的PM2.5个人暴露量。研究结果显示,由监测站评估和实时感应评估所生产的暴露估计量,在不同的活动地点和旅行模式之间有着显着的差异。居住在相同社区中的个人层级每日暴露量差异显着,且运用不同的方法亦会得到显着的暴露层级差异。这些研究结果意味着,以居住或移动为基础的观测站评估,无法考量室内与室外环境、以及与旅行相关的微观环境之间的空气污染暴露的差异,因而可能产生个人污染暴露量的大幅偏误。关键词:室内环境,实时空气污染暴露,智慧科技,旅行方式,不确定的地理脉络问题。

Usando datos de tiempo real de sensores portátiles de contaminantes aéreos y de trayectorias de Posicionamiento Global de teléfonos inteligentes, recogidos en Beijing, China, este estudio demuestra cómo las tecnologías inteligentes y los microambientes de actividad viajera individual inciden sobre la evaluación de exposición a la contaminación a nivel de individuo en el espacio y en el tiempo, a resolución muy fina. El estudio compara tres tipos diferentes de estimativos de exposición a nivel individual, generados mediante el uso de evaluación de la residencia a partir de una estación de monitoreo, evaluación de estación de monitoreo basada en movilidad, y evaluación en tiempo real basada en movilidad. Además, se examinan las diferencias de exposición personal al PM2.5 asociada con diferentes lugares de actividad y modos de viaje a través de varias condiciones ambientales. Los resultados muestran que los cálculos de exposición generados por evaluación con estaciones de monitoreo y la evaluación por sensación en tiempo real varían sustancialmente a través de diferentes localizaciones de actividad y modalidades de viaje. La exposición diaria a nivel de individuo para residentes que habitan en la misma comunidad también varía significativamente y hay diferencias sustanciales en los niveles de exposición cuando se usan diferentes enfoques. Estos resultados indican que la residencia o las evaluaciones con estaciones de monitoreo basadas en movilidad, que no puede responder por las diferencias en exposición a contaminantes aéreos entre ambientes interno y externos y entre diferentes microambientes relacionados con viajes, podrían generar cálculos considerablemente sesgados de exposición personal a la contaminación.

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful for the comments of the reviewers and the editor, which have helped improve the article considerably.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41529101, 41601148, and 41571144).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jing Ma

JING MA is an Associate Professor of Human Geography in the Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. Her main research interests include environmental justice, health inequality, activity-travel behavior, and subjective well-being.

Yinhua Tao

YINHUA TAO is a master’s candidate in the College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include behavioral geography and health research.

Mei-Po Kwan

MEI-PO KWAN is Choh-Ming Li Professor of Geography and Resource Management, and Director of the Institute of Space and Earth Information Science at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include environmental health, sustainable cities, human mobility, urban, transport, and social issues in cities and GIScience.

Yanwei Chai

YANWEI CHAI is a Professor in the College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. His main research interests include behavioral geography and urban geography.

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