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Articles

Institutional Networks of Association for GIS Use: The Case of an Urban Local Body in India

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Pages 1445-1463 | Received 15 Jun 2018, Accepted 10 Oct 2019, Published online: 16 Jan 2020
 

Abstract

In the past decade, India has witnessed rapid urban transformation leading to a changing urban governance culture in the country. This has prompted a growing push toward informationization of government practices coupled with the government’s ambition of building an information infrastructure. Urban local bodies (ULBs) in particular have become the arena for implementation of planning policies conceptualized by the central government as it strives to manage the urban population and fulfill its information technology ambitions. In this process, there has been a growing use of geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial technologies by Indian ULBs. GIS use by Indian ULBs is highly uneven and variable, however. This unevenness can be explained by using literature on critical GIS and politics of scale. Critical GIS highlights the importance of power relations and institutional structures in an organization’s GIS practices, and politics of scale helps to understand the complexities of network formation and power relations embedded in such networks that facilitate an organization’s GIS use. Through an in-depth case study of Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC), this study demonstrates that active construction of scalar politics and networks of association is key in a ULB’s attempts toward spatial engagement. SMC constructs thematic and territorial networks of association to procure material and discursive resources and uses “scale jumping” as a representational strategy to garner political influence. Such a strategy enables SMC to form alliances with key actors and navigate power structures facilitating their GIS use, reflecting the politicized nature of GIS constructions for urban governance by an Indian ULB.

印度在过去十年间经历了快速的城市转型,令该国城市治理文化发生转变,促成了政务信息化进程的不断加速,也让政府在信息基础设施方面制定了远大目标。特别是城市地方机构(ULBs),他们已在设法管理城市人口并实现信息技术抱负的同时,成为执行中央政府构建的规划政策的舞台。在这一过程中,印度城市地方机构(ULBs)已开始逐步使用地理信息系统(GIS)和空间技术。但是印度 ULBs 对于 GIS 的使用具有极度不均衡和多变性的问题。这种不均衡问题的原因,可通过批判性GIS和等级政治相关资料进行解释。批判性GIS强调了权力关系和制度结构在某组织 GIS 应用中的重要性,等级政治有助于理解嵌入在网络中、促成组织使用 GIS 的网络构成和权力关系的复杂性。通过对苏拉特市政公司(SMC)的深入案例研究,本研究表明,积极构建等级政治和关联网络是 ULB 尝试空间参与的关键。SMC 已建立主题和区域关联网络来获取资料和话语资源,并以“规模跳跃”为代表性策略获得政治影响力。该策略可让 SMC 与主要行动者结成联盟,指引权力机构促进其 GIS 使用,反映出印度 ULB 在城市治理 GIS 构建中的政治化性质。

Durante la pasada década, la India ha experimentado una rápida transformación urbana, con cambios en la cultura de gobernanza urbana del país como una de sus consecuencias. Esto ha promovido creciente presión por la informacionalización de las prácticas gubernamentales, concurrente con la ambición del gobierno orientada a construir una infraestructura de la información. Los cuerpos urbanos locales (ULB), en particular, se han convertido en la arena para la implementación de políticas de planificación, conceptualizadas por el gobierno central, en el momento cuando éste se esfuerza en manejar la población urbana y llevar a cabo sus ambiciones en tecnología de la información. En este proceso se nota el creciente uso por los ULB indios de sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y tecnologías espaciales. Sin embargo, el uso de los SIG por los ULB indios es altamente desigual y variable. Esta desigualdad puede explicarse con el uso de la literatura sobre SIG críticos y políticas de escala. Los SIG críticos destacan la importancia de las relaciones de poder y las estructuras institucionales en las prácticas con SIG en una organización, y la política de escala ayuda a entender las complejidades de la formación de redes y relaciones de poder incrustadas en tales redes que facilitan el uso de los SIG a la organización. Por medio de un estudio de caso a profundidad de la Corporación Municipal de Surat (SMC), este estudio demuestra que la construcción activa de políticas escalares y redes de asociación es clave en los intentos de los ULB por el compromiso espacial. La SMC construye redes temáticas y territoriales de asociación para procurar recursos materiales y discursivos, y usa el “salto de escala” como estrategia representacional para obtener influencia política. Tal estrategia habilita la SMC para aliarse con actores claves y navegar las estructuras de poder facilitándole el uso de los SIG, lo cual refleja la naturaleza politizada de las construcciones con SIG por los ULB indios.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks four anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that greatly improved the article. The author also expresses her utmost gratitude to the editor of the Annals, Professor Ling Bian, for her patience and support throughout the process.

Notes

1 I refer to spatial engagement as a process that involves the use of GIS and spatial technologies for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data and satellite image processing, database management, spatial analysis, and modeling and visualization.

2 Narendra Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014.

3 A municipal commissioner is a bureaucrat and oversees all departments within a ULB.

Additional information

Funding

Fieldwork for this study was partially funded by the Department of Geography and Geology’s Jim and Nancy Tiller Faculty Research Award.

Notes on contributors

Falguni Mukherjee

FALGUNI MUKHERJEE is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Geology at Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include social construction of GIS for urban governance in a non-Western context and she focuses on urban local bodies in South Asia.

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