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Articles

How Neighborhood Effect Averaging Might Affect Assessment of Individual Exposures to Air Pollution: A Study of Ozone Exposures in Los Angeles

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Pages 121-140 | Received 07 Nov 2019, Accepted 26 Feb 2020, Published online: 09 Jun 2020
 

Abstract

The neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP) can be a serious methodological problem that leads to erroneous assessments when studying mobility-dependent exposures (e.g., air or noise pollution) because people’s daily mobility could amplify or attenuate the exposures they experienced in their residential neighborhoods. Specifically, the NEAP suggests that individuals’ mobility-based exposures tend toward the mean level of the participants or population of a study area when compared to their residence-based exposures. This research provides an in-depth examination of the NEAP and how the NEAP is associated with people’s daily mobility through an assessment of individual exposures to ground-level ozone using the activity-travel diary data of 2,737 individuals collected in the Los Angeles metropolitan statistical area. The results obtained with exploratory analysis (e.g., a scatterplot and histograms) and spatial regression models indicate that the NEAP exists when assessing individual exposures to ozone in the study area. Further, high-income, employed, younger, and male participants (when compared to low-income, nonworking, older, and female participants) are associated with higher levels of neighborhood effect averaging because of their higher levels of daily mobility. Finally, three-dimensional interactive geovisualizations of the space-time paths and hourly ozone exposures of seventy-one selected participants who live in the same neighborhood corroborate the findings obtained from the spatial regression analysis.

在流动性接触(如空气和噪音污染)的研究中, 邻里效应平均问题(neighborhood effect averaging problem, NEAP)是一个重要的方法论上的问题:人类的日常流动性可能会放大或削弱人们在居住区内对污染物的接触, 从而带来流动性接触的评估上的错误。特别的, NEAP把个人的流动性接触, 同化为全体研究参与者、或研究区内所有人的平均水平, 而不是个人在其居住地的接触。本文分析了洛杉矶大都会统计区2,737位研究参与者的活动和出行数据, 评估了个人对地表臭氧的接触, 深入研究了NEAP问题, 探讨了NEAP与人类日常流动性的关系。探索性分析(散点图、直方图等)和空间回归模型结果显示, 洛杉矶市个人臭氧接触的评估依然存在着NEAP问题。由于高度的日常流动性, 高收入、工作族、年轻人和男性研究参与者(与低收入、失业、老年人和女性参与者相比)具有较高程度的邻里效应平均。最后, 通过对71位居住在同一个小区的研究参与者的时空路径和逐小时臭氧接触的交互式三维地理可视化, 证实了空间回归分析的结果。

El problema de promediar el efecto de vecindario (NEAP) puede ser un problema metodológico serio que lleve a evaluaciones erróneas cuando se estudian exposiciones dependientes de la movilidad (e.g., polución aérea o del ruido) porque la movilidad cotidiana de la gente podría ampliar o atenuar las exposiciones que ellos experimentan en sus vecindarios de residencia. Específicamente, el NEAO sugiere que las exposiciones basadas en movilidad de los individuos tienden hacia el nivel medio de los participantes o de la población de un área de estudio cuando se las compara con sus exposiciones basadas en residencia. Esta investigación suministra un examen a profundidad del NEAP y sobre cómo éste es asociado con la movilidad diaria de la gente a través de una evaluación de las exposiciones individuales al ozono del nivel del suelo, usando los datos del diario de la actividad viajera de 2.737 individuos seleccionados en el área estadística metropolitana de Los Ángeles. Los resultados conseguidos con el análisis exploratorio (e.g., un diagrama de dispersión e histogramas) y con modelos de regresión espacial indican que el NEAP existe cuando se evalúan exposiciones individuales al ozono en el área de estudio. Además, los participantes de altos ingresos, empleados, más jóvenes y masculinos (cuando se les compara con participantes femeninos de ingresos bajos, desempleadas y de mayor edad) están asociados en promedio con niveles más altos del efecto de vecindario debido a sus niveles más altos de movilidad diaria. Por último, geovisualizaciones interactivas tridimensionales de las trayectorias del espacio-tiempo y exposiciones por hora al ozono de setenta y un participantes seleccionados que viven en el mismo vecindario corroboran los hallazgos obtenidos con el análisis de regresión espacial.

Acknowledgments

Junghwan Kim thanks the Transportation Secure Data Center (TSDC) for their kind support on data access. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments, which helped improve the article considerably.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant No. BCS-2025783).

Notes on contributors

Junghwan Kim

JUNGHWAN KIM is a PhD student in the Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include human mobility, environmental health, the application of GIScience methods, and geoprivacy.

Mei-Po Kwan

MEI-PO KWAN is Choh-Ming Li Professor of Geography and Resource Management and Director of the Institute of Space and Earth Information Science at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include environmental health, human mobility, sustainable cities, urban, transport, and social issues in cities and GIScience.

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