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Original Articles

Developing a Comprehensive and Coherent Shape Compactness Metric for Gerrymandering

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Pages 175-195 | Received 12 Sep 2019, Accepted 24 Mar 2020, Published online: 09 Jun 2020
 

Abstract

Measuring the form and structure of geographic landscapes is fundamental to understanding geospatial phenomena and their dynamics. Shape compactness metrics have been extensively employed in gerrymandering assessment, urban planning, landscape ecology, and other applications. Existing compactness measurements for gerrymandering, however, target particular aspects of gerrymandered shapes such as elongation, indentation, or dispersion without adequately integrating them with spatial context. This article proposes a comprehensive shape compactness metric that coherently integrates these aspects. It first divides a district into nonoverlapping maximum inscribed circles. Then Euclidean distances from the centers of these circles to the district centroid are standardized and regulated using contextual and topological factors like the distribution of attributes, the fixed upper level boundary, and the relationships with other districts. Finally, these regulated distances are aggregated to produce a quantitative compactness measure that, unlike most existing ones, features a threshold for gerrymandering identification and the coherent integration of roundness, convexity, closeness, and spatial context. Applying the new metric to the U.S. Congressional districts exemplifies its differences from existing metrics and also illustrates the necessity and value of coherently combining multiple aspects of gerrymandering in a single shape compactness metric.

度量地理景观的形态和结构,是理解地理现象及其动态变化的基础。形状的紧密度指数广泛地应用于格里曼德评估、城市规划、景观生态学等领域。然而,现有格里曼德紧密度指数,只针对格里曼德形状的特定方面:延展、缩进或离散,没有通过空间关系把这些方面充分融合起来。本文介绍了一个综合的形状紧密度指数,可以耦合格里曼德形状的各个方面。首先,把选区划分为若干个不重叠的最大内接圆。利用关联因子和拓扑因子(属性的分布、上限、与其它选区的关系等),内接圆圆心到选区中心的欧几里得距离进行标准化和归一化,最后将这些归一化的距离合计成量化的紧密度指数。与现有的大多数方法不同,该指数提供了格里曼德检测的阈值,并耦合了圆度、凸度、距离和空间关系。通过对美国国会选区的分析,证明了该紧密度指数与现有指数的不同,也表明了将格里曼德各方面耦合到单一的形状紧密度指数的必要性和价值。

Medir la forma y estructura de los paisajes geográficos es fundamental para entender los fenómenos geoespaciales y sus dinámicas. Las métricas de la compatibilidad de forma se han empleado ampliamente en la evaluación del fraude electoral (gerrymandering), la planificación urbana, la ecología del paisaje y otras aplicaciones. Sin embargo, las mediciones de compactibilidad del gerrymandering se enfocan sobre aspectos particulares de las formas de esta práctica electoral, tales como estiramiento, sangría, o dispersión, sin integrarlas adecuadamente con el contexto espacial. Este artículo propone una métrica comprensiva de compactibilidad de forma que integra coherentemente estos aspectos. Primero se divide un distrito en círculos máximos inscritos que no se traslapen. Luego las distancias euclidianas desde los centros de estos círculos al centroide distrital se estandarizan y regulan usando factores contextuales y topológicos, como la distribución de atributos, el límite fijo del nivel superior y las relaciones con otros distritos. Finalmente, estas distancias reguladas son agregadas para producir una medida cuantitativa de compactibilidad que, a diferencia de la mayoría de las existentes, presenta un umbral para la identificación del gerrymandering y la integración coherente de redondez, convexidad, cercanía y contexto espacial. Al aplicar la nueva métrica a los distritos congresales estadounidenses se ejemplifican las diferencias con las métricas existentes y se ilustra también la necesidad y valor de combinar coherentemente múltiples aspectos del gerrymandering en una métrica individual de compactibilidad de forma.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Shipeng Sun

SHIPENG SUN is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Science at Hunter College and Earth and Environmental Sciences Program at Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include sociospatial network analysis, geovisualization, GIS algorithms, agent-based complexity modeling, human–environment systems, and urban geography.

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