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Articles

Dollar Stores, Retailer Redlining, and the Metropolitan Geographies of Precarious Consumption

Pages 1200-1218 | Received 19 Feb 2020, Accepted 11 May 2020, Published online: 27 Aug 2020
 

Abstract

For the last twenty years, scholarly research has relied primarily on food deserts as a way to frame geographic disparities in access to healthy foods. The results of this research have been empirically mixed, and the term itself has been critiqued as apolitical. Using the alternative framing of retailer redlining, I analyze the rapid growth of dollar stores in twenty-seven metropolitan areas in the United States. Locations for these stores increased by 62 percent nationally during this time period, an expansion that was consistent in all regions of the country. Using descriptive statistics, cross-sectional, and first-difference models, I analyze how neighborhoods’ racial makeup was associated with changes in dollar store proximity, controlling for household income, population, and overall retailer density. This analysis shows that proximity to dollar stores is highly associated with neighborhoods of color even when controlling for other factors. This result highlights how the growth of dollar stores and similar spaces designed for economically precarious households both reflect and, potentially, contribute to long histories of racial exclusion.

过去20年,研究人员主要是通过食物沙漠来构架获取健康食物的地理差异。这些研究结果是经验性的,食物沙漠这个词本身也被批判是非政治性的。采用零售区域区别对待的框架,本文分析了美国27个大都会地区一元连锁店的快速发展。全美范围内一元店的位置增长了62%,并且这种增长在各个区域都是一致的。利用描述统计、横截面和一阶差分模型,通过控制家庭收入、人口、零售商密度等因素,本文分析了社区种族成分和一元店距离变化的关系。结果显示,在控制其它因素的情况下,一元店距离与社区种族有强相关性。一元店的增长、为经济危机家庭设立区域,两者都反映了、也潜在地促成了种族排它的悠久历史。

Durante los pasados veinte años, la investigación académica se ha concentrado primariamente en los desiertos alimentarios como manera de enmarcar las disparidades geográficas en el acceso a los alimentos saludables. Los resultados de esta investigación se entremezclan empíricamente, y la propia terminología ha sido criticada de apolítica. Usando la enmarcación alternativa discriminatoria de los comerciantes minoristas, analizo el rápido crecimiento de las tiendas de a dólar en veintisiete áreas metropolitanas de los Estados Unidos. La localización de nuevas tiendas de tal tipo se incrementó a escala nacional en un 62 por ciento durante este período, expansión que fue consistente en todas las regiones del país. Usando estadísticas descriptivas y modelos de cruce seccional y de primera diferencia, analizo cómo el tinte racial de los vecindarios estuvo asociado con cambios en la proximidad de las tiendas de a dólar, con control sobre el ingreso familiar, la población y la densidad general del comercio al menudeo. Este análisis muestra que la proximidad a las tiendas de a dólar está altamente asociada con los vecindarios de color, aun en el caso de que reciban el control de otros factores. Este resultado destaca cómo el crecimiento de las tiendas de a dólar y espacios similares designados para atender hogares económicamente precarios refleja y contribuye potencialmente en las largas historias de la exclusión racial.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Steve Holloway and Taylor Hafley, who both provided comments on a draft of this article, and especially to Steve for sharing code used for the mixed metro classification system. Ashanté Reese and Julia McCarthy also provided input on this project that shaped its direction. Thanks also to the anonymous reviewers who provided support and feedback.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jerry Shannon

JERRY SHANNON is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and the Department of Financial Planning, Housing, and Consumer Economics at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. E-mail: [email protected]. His research has focused on issues of food accessibility, food security, and affordable housing, as well as community-engaged research methodologies.

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