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The Environment and Environmental Degradation

Abandoning Holocene Dreams: Proactive Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing World

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Pages 880-888 | Received 26 Nov 2019, Accepted 10 May 2020, Published online: 30 Jul 2020
 

Abstract

Although species have always shifted their ranges, the rapid pace of current biophysical changes and the further complications imparted by human land use provide unprecedented challenges for biodiversity conservation. As a result, goals, methods, and strategies are being reconceptualized. For example, the terms conservation and wilderness protection, and their associated practices, seem to be static and simplistic compared to the challenges of managing novel species assemblages in unique climatic and disturbance regimes. A more proactive approach is developing that builds in the needed adaptations as biophysical change progressed; that would need to consider possible nonlinear ecosystem changes, with threshold effects and ecological surprises; that might force a reconsideration of the goals of ecological restoration; and that might require management of lands today for goals that could be quite different in 50 to 100 years. As examples, this could require such potentially controversial activities as planting trees outside their ranges so that they could serve as part of wildlife habitat in several decades, using prescribed burns, or bringing some species into captivity or botanical gardens until reintroduction becomes feasible. With the Anthropocene providing a potential new label for the current epoch and ongoing research providing new insights into disturbance regimes and successful conservation practices, it is appropriate to rethink implications for sustainability and human–nature relationships in general and for biodiversity in particular.

物种的动态分布、生物物理的快速变化、以及人类土地利用带来的复杂性, 给生物多样性保护带来了前所未有的挑战。因此, 我们正在重新构思生物多样性保护的目标、方法和策略。例如, 在独特的气候和干扰格局下对新种群的管理, “保护”和“野地保护”这些术语及其措施都过于静态化和简单化。更加积极的方法应当考虑:生物物理变化所需的适应、非线性生态系统变化(阈值效应和生态奇异)、重新考虑生态恢复的目标、土地管理的近期目标与50-100年后目标的不同。例如, 尽管看起来有些矛盾, 我们需要在物种分布区以外开展植树和限制林火, 在能够再植入前把物种封存起来或置于园林中。人类世为现世提供了潜在的新标记, 目前的研究也提供了对干扰体系和保护措施的新认知。因此, 我们应重新考虑可持续性、人与自然关系(尤其是生物多样性)的含义。

Aunque las especies siempre han cambiado de ámbitos territoriales, el rápido ritmo de los actuales cambios biofísicos y las complicaciones adicionales que se derivan del uso humano de la tierra ofrecen retos sin precedentes a la conservación de la biodiversidad. Como resultado de esto, metas, métodos y estrategias están siendo reconceptualizados. Por ejemplo, los términos de conservación y protección de la naturaleza silvestre, y sus prácticas asociadas, parecen estáticos y simplistas en comparación con los retos de manejar ensamblajes novedosos de especies en regímenes climáticos y de perturbación ambiental únicos. Un enfoque más proactivo está en desarrollo, el cual se construye a partir de las adaptaciones requeridas a medida que se desenvuelve el cambio biofísico; que debería considerar posibles cambios ecosistémicos no lineales, con efectos de umbral y sorpresas ecológicas; que podría forzar una reconsideración de las metas de la restauración ecológica; y que podría demandar hoy el manejo de tierras hacia metas que bien podrían ser muy diferentes en 50 o 100 años. Como ejemplos, esto podría requerir actividades potenciales tan controvertibles como el plantar árboles por fuera de sus entornos naturales de modo que pudiesen servir como parte de un hábitat silvestre en varias décadas, usando quemas prescritas, o colocando algunas especies en cautiverio o en jardines botánicos hasta que la reintroducción sea factible. Con el Antropoceno proveyendo una etiqueta nueva para la época actual, y con la investigación del momento generando nuevas perspectivas sobre los regímenes de perturbación y prácticas de conservación exitosas, parece apropiado repensar las implicaciones para la sustentabilidad y las relaciones humano–naturales en general, y para la biodiversidad, en particular.

Additional information

Funding

Kenneth R. Young acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation (DEB1617429). Sisimac Duchicela acknowledges financial support from the National Geographic Society (Grant No. EC-56298C-19).

Notes on contributors

Kenneth R. Young

KENNETH R. YOUNG is Professor in the Department of Geography and the Environment of the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. E-mail: [email protected]. He investigates the ecological and social dimensions of biodiversity conservation, aiming to produce policy-relevant research.

Sisimac Duchicela

SISIMAC DUCHICELA is a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research has focused on high mountain ecosystems, specifically of Andean forests, páramos, and punas. In her doctoral research, she is developing evaluation methods for ecological restoration practices used in Ecuador and Peru, with the goal of increasing human adaptability to global environmental change.

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