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Articles

Spatial Aggregation Entropy: A Heterogeneity and Uncertainty Metric of Spatial Aggregation

Pages 1236-1252 | Received 30 Jan 2020, Accepted 25 Jun 2020, Published online: 08 Oct 2020
 

Abstract

The well-known modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) has received much attention for a long time. There still exists, however, no unified understanding and solution to the MAUP. There is not even a statistic that quantifies the effects of the MAUP. This article proposes a new metric, namely, spatial aggregation entropy (SAE), based on which the spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of aggregated data of spatial density are defined. The SAE quantifies the changes in spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty caused by spatial aggregation. The SAE is proven to satisfy scale additivity and spatial additivity, which makes it able to quantify the MAUP effects of spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty. Furthermore, spatial additivity extends SAE to local spatial aggregation entropy (LSAE). I distinguish two types of spatial density that are associated and unassociated with area and construct their SAE mathematical formulations. In the case study, the population density and proportion of Wayne County and the state of California are explored. I calculate the SAE and LSAE of transscale spatial aggregations for the studied attributes to demonstrate their validity. The thematic maps of LSAE are made to illustrate the distribution of local spatial heterogeneity changes. Furthermore, the article compares spatial heterogeneity of the population density with its Moran’s I at different scales. Both theoretical and case studies demonstrate that the SAE could well measure spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty changes of the spatial aggregation that reflect their MAUP effects.

众所周知的可塑面元问题(Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, MAUP)受到长期的重视。然而, 我们仍然没有对MAUP的统一认识和解决方法。通过聚合空间密度数据、确定其空间异构性和不确定性, 本文提出一个新的空间聚合熵(Spatial Aggregation Entropy, SAE)方法。SAE可以量化空间聚合引起的空间异构性和不确定性的变化。SAE满足比例尺和空间上的叠加性, 使得SAE可以量化空间异构性和不确定性的MAUP效应。此外, 空间叠加性将SAE扩展到局域聚合熵(LSAE)。本文区分了两种空间密度(面元相关、面元不相关), 并建立它们的SAE数学方程。为了证明方法的有效性, 本文研究了美国加利福尼亚州Wayne县的人口密度和人口比重, 计算了跨比例尺空间聚合的SAE和LSAE数值。LSAE专题图显示了局域空间异构性的变化分布。本文还通过Moran’s I指数比较了不同比例尺下人口密度的空间异构性。理论和实例都表明, SAE可以度量空间聚合的空间异构性和不确定性的变化, 从而反映它们的MAUP效应。

El bien conocido problema de la unidad areal modificable (MAUP) ha recibo mucha atención durante largo tiempo. Todavía no existe, sin embargo, ni un entendimiento unificado ni la solución del MAUP. Ni siquiera se dispone de una estadística que cuantifique los efectos del MAUP. Este artículo propone una nueva métrica, esto es, la entropía de conglomerado espacial (SAE), con base en la cual se definen la heterogeneidad espacial y la incertidumbre de datos agregados de densidad espacial. La SAE cuantifica los cambios de heterogeneidad e incertidumbre espacial causados por el conglomerado espacial. Está probada la capacidad de SAE de satisfacer la aditividad de escala y la aditividad espacial, que la capacitan para cuantificar los efectos MAUP de heterogeneidad e incertidumbre espaciales. Aún más, la aditividad espacial extiende la SAE a la entropía de conglomerado espacial local (LSAE). Distingo dos tipos de densidad espacial que están asociados y desasociados con área, y construyen sus formulaciones matemáticas de la SAE. En el estudio de caso, se exploran la densidad y proporción de población del Condado Wayne y del estado de California. Calculo la SAE y la LSAE de conglomerados espaciales a transescala de los atributos estudiados para demostrar su validez. Los mapas temáticos de la LSAE tienen el propósito de ilustrar la distribución de cambios en la heterogeneidad espacial local. Además, el artículo compara la heterogeneidad espacial de la densidad de población con su I de Moran a escalas diferentes. Tanto los estudios teóricos como los de caso demuestran que la SAE podría medir bien los cambios de heterogeneidad e incertidumbre espaciales del conglomerado espacial que reflejen sus efectos MAUP.

Acknowledgments

I thank the editor, Ling Bian, and the two anonymous reviewers whose comments have helped to improve this article considerably.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jia Xiao

JIA XIAO is a Lecturer in the College of Urban and Environmental Sciences at Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include spatial statistics, map generalization, and deep learning for spatiotemporal big data.

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