829
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Great Havana Hurricane of 1846: A Reconstruction of the Storm’s Track, Intensity, and Impacts

, &
Pages 1585-1601 | Received 06 Mar 2020, Accepted 18 Jun 2020, Published online: 21 Jan 2021
 

Abstract

This article reconstructed the track, intensity, and societal impacts of the Great Havana Hurricane of October 1846, using all available historical data, which include ship logs, newspapers, diaries, and early instrumental records. Most of the data were extracted from original manuscripts at historical libraries and repositories. Meteorological aspects of the hurricane were analyzed by mapping twice-daily surface synoptic weather maps from geographic information systems methods, estimating central pressures from known wind–pressure relationships derived from modern hurricane studies, and assessing intensity based on damage descriptions from the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and an inland decay model. The storm was found to be much stronger than previously known. In this study, we clearly define the first known record of a landfalling Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic Basin, which likely ranks among the top of all those known in the modern (1851–present) Atlantic Basin official hurricane database. Although this storm has been previously referred to as one of the most destructive hurricanes in the history of Cuba, the impacts of the Great Havana Hurricane actually spanned well beyond the Caribbean, tracking from Florida through many major populated cities along the East Coast and into Atlantic Canada. Clearly, such a storm today, with much larger metropolitan areas, would have caused enormous economic damage and should be anticipated in long-term hurricane mitigation, zoning, and worst-case scenarios. This study highlights the importance of examining historical documentary sources for extreme events, providing a framework on how to research case studies of premodern Atlantic hurricanes back in time.

基于历史数据(航海日志、报纸、日记和早期设备记录),本文重建了1846年10月古巴哈瓦那大飓风的路径、强度和社会影响。数据大多来自历史图书馆和档案的原始手稿。通过地理信息系统制作每天2次的表面天气图,分析了飓风的气象特征。根据现代飓风研究建立的风速-气压关系,计算了中心气压。基于萨菲尔-辛普森飓风等级和陆地衰减模型的损失描述,对强度进行了评估。暴雨强度远远超过已知的历史暴雨。本文明确定义了大西洋盆地5级登陆飓风记录。在官方大西洋盆地飓风数据库所记载的飓风中,该飓风可能位于近代(19851年至今)前几位。以前认为,该暴雨是古巴历史上最具破坏力的飓风之一。其实,哈瓦那大飓风的影响跨越了整个加勒比地区,并从美国弗罗里达州沿东海岸覆盖了许多主要大城市,一直延伸到加拿大的大西洋地区。明显的,如果现在发生类似的暴雨,其影响的城市区域会更大,会带来巨大的经济损失。我们应当在长期飓风减灾、区划和最差情形推演中,预测到这种飓风。本研究强调了利用历史资料去研究极端事件的重要性,提供了一个追溯前现代大西洋飓风的研究框架。

Este artículo reconstruye el rastro, intensidad e impactos sociales del Gran Huracán de La Habana de octubre de 1846, usando todos los datos históricos disponibles, que incluyen bitácoras de barcos, periódicos, diarios y registros instrumentales antiguos. La mayoría de los datos se extrajeron de manuscritos originales en bibliotecas históricas y repositorios. Los aspectos meteorológicos del huracán se analizaron mapeando registros duales por día en mapas sinópticos del tiempo derivados con métodos de sistemas de información geográfica, estimando las presiones centrales a partir de conocidas relaciones de viento–presión, derivadas de estudios de huracanes modernos, y evaluando la intensidad con base en las descripciones de los daños causados tomados de la Escala de Viento en el Huracán Saffir–Simpson y de un modelo de declinación cuando un huracán toca tierra. Se encontró que la tormenta resultó ser mucho más fuerte de lo que se pensaba. En este estudio claramente definimos el primer registro que se conoce del ingreso a tierra de un huracán de categoría 5 en la cuenca del Atlántico, que probablemente figure entre los más fuertes conocidos en la base de datos oficial de huracanes de la moderna cuenca Atlántica (1851–al presente). Aunque esta tormenta anteriormente había sido referida como uno de los huracanes más destructivos en la historia de Cuba, los impactos del Gran Huracán de la Habana realmente se extendieron mucho más allá del Caribe, desplazándose desde la Florida sobre muchas de las ciudades de mayor población, a lo largo de la Costa del Este, e incluso hasta el Canadá atlántico. Claramente, al desplazarse sobre áreas metropolitanas una tormenta de ese tipo habría causado un daño económico enorme, y su ocurrencia debe ser anticipada a largo plazo, en términos de mitigación de huracanes y zonificación en un eventual escenario del peor caso posible. Este estudio destaca la importancia de examinar las fuentes históricas documentales de eventos extremos, suministrando un marco sobre cómo investigar estudios de caso de los huracanes atlánticos premodernos, atrás en el tiempo.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their appreciation to Mike Chenoweth, Vicky Slonosky, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Database Modernization Program for instrumental weather data. We also thank the anonymous reviewers and editor for their insightful feedback.

Additional information

Funding

Jennifer M. Collins was funded by the Florida Sea Grant Program.

Notes on contributors

Emily L. Cerrito

EMILY L. CERRITO graduated from the University of South Florida and is a GIS Analyst at Duke Energy. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests for her master’s degree focused on hurricanes of the past.

Cary J. Mock

CARY J. MOCK is a Professor in the Department of Geography at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include historical climatology, climate change, and extreme weather events.

Jennifer M. Collins

JENNIFER M. COLLINS is a Professor in the School of Geosciences at the University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include interannual variability of hurricane activity and evacuation behavior.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 312.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.