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Articles

Beyond Distance Decay: Discover Homophily in Spatially Embedded Social Networks

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 505-521 | Received 30 Sep 2020, Accepted 27 Apr 2021, Published online: 28 Jul 2021
 

Abstract

Existing studies suggest distance decay as an important geographic property of online social networks. Namely, social interactions are more likely to occur among people who are closer in physical space. Limited effort has been devoted so far, however, to quantifying the impact of homophily forces on social network structures. In this study, we provide a quantitative understanding of the joint impact of geographic distance and people’s socioeconomic characteristics on their interaction patterns. By coupling large-scale mobile phone, income, and housing price data sets in Singapore, we reconstruct a spatially embedded social network that captures the cell phone communications of millions of phone users in the city. By associating phone users with their estimated residence, we introduce two indicators (communication intensity and friendship probability) to examine the cell phone interactions among places with various housing price values. Our findings suggest that, after controlling for distance, similar places tend to have relatively higher communication intensity than dissimilar ones, confirming a significant homophily effect as a determinant of communication intensity. When the analysis is focused on the formation of social ties, though, the homophily effect is more nuanced. It persists at relatively short distances, whereas at higher distances a tendency to form ties with people in the highest social classes prevails. Overall, the results reported in this study have implications for understanding social segregation in cities. In particular, the physical separation of social groups in a city (e.g., residential segregation) will have a direct impact on shaping communication or social network segregation. The study highlights the importance of incorporating socioeconomic data into the understanding of spatial social networks.

现有研究表明, 距离衰减是在线社交网络的重要地理属性, 即, 物理空间中距离更近的人群之间更有可能发生社交。然而, 对趋同性影响社交网络结构的量化, 迄今为止我们的研究还很有限。针对地理距离和人口社会经济特征对社交模式的共同影响, 本文提供了量化解释。通过耦合新加坡大规模的移动电话、收入和房价数据集, 我们重建了空间社交网络, 获取了新加坡数百万手机用户的手机通讯。通过连接手机用户及其估计住址, 我们引入了两个指标(通讯强度和友情概率), 考察了不同房价地区之间的手机通讯。研究结果表明, 在控制距离的情况下, 房价相似地区比不同地区拥有相对较高的通讯强度, 证实了显著趋同效应是通讯强度的决定因素。然而, 在社会关系的形成上, 趋同效应更微妙:趋同效应存在于相对较短距离, 而在较远距离上则主要是社会最高阶层。总的来说, 这项研究的结果解释了城市社会隔离。城市社会群体的物理隔离(如居住隔离), 直接影响到通讯或社交网络隔离。本文强调了在空间社交网络研究中结合社会经济数据的重要性。

Los estudios existentes sugieren que el desgaste de la distancia es una importante propiedad geográfica de las redes sociales en línea. Es decir, las interacciones sociales tienen mayor probabilidad de ocurrir entre la gente que se encuentra cercana entre sí en el espacio físico. Sin embargo, solo un esfuerzo limitado se ha usado hasta ahora para cuantificar el impacto de fuerzas de homofilia en las estructuras de las redes sociales. En este estudio, presentamos un entendimiento cuantitativo del impacto conjunto de la distancia geográfica y las características socioeconómicas de la gente sobre sus patrones de interacción. Acoplando conjuntos de datos a gran escala sobre telefonía móvil, ingreso y precios de la vivienda en Singapur, hacemos la reconstrucción de una red social espacialmente incrustada que recoge las comunicaciones por telefonía celular de millones de usuarios en la ciudad. Asociando los usuarios de teléfono con su lugar de residencia estimado, introducimos dos indicadores (intensidad de la comunicación y probabilidad de amistad) para examinar las interacciones por medio de teléfono celular entre lugares con varios valores del precio de la vivienda. Nuestros descubrimientos sugieren que, después de controlar la distancia, los lugares similares tienden a tener una intensidad de comunicación relativamente más alta que aquellos que son disímiles, confirmándose un efecto de homofilia significativo como determinante de la intensidad de la comunicación. No obstante, cuando el análisis se enfoca en la formación de lazos sociales, el efecto de homofilia es más matizado. Ese efecto persiste a distancias relativamente cortas, mientras que a mayores distancias prevalece una tendencia a formar lazos con gente en las clases sociales más altas. En general, los resultados presentados en este estudio tienen implicaciones para entender la segregación social en las ciudades. En particular, la separación física de los grupos sociales en una ciudad (e.g., segregación residencial) tendrá un impacto directo en configurar la comunicación o la segregación de la red social. El estudio destaca la importancia de incorporar datos socioeconómicos para tratar de entender las redes espacio–sociales.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Ling Bian and the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions that improved this article.

Notes

1 Planning areas, also known as DGPs, are the primary census divisions of Singapore created by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). There were a total of fifty-five planning areas in Singapore at the time when the CDR data were collected (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore).

2 HDB is a type of residential housing property that is publicly governed and developed in Singapore. The HDB flats were built primarily to provide affordable housing.

Additional information

Funding

This research was jointly supported by the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong (No. 25610118) and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Startup Grant (Project Code 1-BE0J).

Notes on contributors

Yang Xu

YANG XU is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include GIScience, human mobility, and urban informatics.

Paolo Santi

PAOLO SANTI is Principal Research Scientist at the MIT Senseable City Lab, Cambridge, MA. E-mail: [email protected]. There he leads the MIT/Fraunhofer Ambient Mobility initiative. He is also a Research Director at the Istituto di Informatica e Telematica, CNR, Pisa, Italy. His research interest is in the modeling and analysis of complex systems ranging from wireless multihop networks to sensor and vehicular networks and, more recently, smart mobility and intelligent transportation systems.

Carlo Ratti

CARLO RATTI is a Professor and Director of the MIT Senseable City Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. E-mail: [email protected]. He is also a founding partner of the international design office Carlo Ratti Associati.

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