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Articles

A Comparative Approach for Environmental Justice Analysis: Explaining Divergent Societal Distributions of Particulate Matter and Ozone Pollution across U.S. Neighborhoods

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Pages 522-541 | Received 15 May 2020, Accepted 17 May 2021, Published online: 17 Aug 2021
 

Abstract

Numerous environmental justice (EJ) studies demonstrate that U.S. racial and ethnic minorities experience disparate hazard exposures, but we lack knowledge about how the societal distribution of risk varies between hazard types and how neighborhood-level racial residential segregation influences patterns of environmental injustice. We address those limitations by comparatively analyzing disparities in exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone (O3) across census tracts of the contiguous United States and by elucidating the role of local racial residential segregation in structuring environmental injustices based on minority versus White neighborhood composition. Results indicate divergent societal patterns of exposure to the two pollutants. Tracts with higher PM2.5 have greater proportions of Hispanic, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander residents, whereas tracts with increased O3 have lower proportions of those racialized groups. Additionally, we find that local multigroup racial residential segregation modifies the effect of minority versus White composition on PM2.5 exposures, such that residents of segregated minority neighborhoods breathe air laden with more PM2.5, whereas those in segregated White neighborhoods inhale air with less PM2.5. We find the opposite pattern for O3. Our comparative EJ perspective illuminates how the association between privileged Whiteness and O3 pollution is neither unjust nor equalizes the distribution of risk.

大量的环境正义研究表明, 美国的有色和少数民族受到不同的有害物影响。但是, 风险的社会分布随着不同有害物类型的变化、邻域层面的种族居住隔离对环境不公模式的影响, 我们还缺乏了解。为此, 我们比较分析了美国大陆人口普查单元上的细颗粒物(PM2.5)和地面臭氧(O3)的差异, 并根据社区中的少数族裔与白人组成比例, 阐明了种族居住隔离在构成环境不公平中的作用。结果表明, 接触两种污染物的社会模式有所不同。PM2.5较高的普查单元拥有高比例的西班牙裔、黑人、亚裔及太平洋岛民, 而这些种族群体在高O3普查单元的比例较低。此外, 我们发现, 多族裔居住隔离改变了少数族裔与白人组成比例对PM2.5的影响, 因此被隔离少数族裔居民呼吸的空气中含有更多的PM2.5, 而被隔离白人居民吸入的PM2.5更少。我们发现, O3的模式正好相反。我们的比较环境正义观点, 说明了特权白人和O3污染之间的关联既非不公平、也不能抹平风险分布。

Numerosos estudios de justicia ambiental (EJ) demuestran que las minorías raciales y étnicas americanas experimentan exposiciones desiguales al peligro, aunque no tenemos conocimiento sobre cómo la distribución social del riesgo varía entre los tipos de peligros y el modo como la segregación residencial racial a nivel de vecindario influye sobre los patrones de injusticia ambiental. Abocamos estas limitaciones analizando comparativamente las desigualdades de exposición a materia particulada fina (PM2.5), y ozono a nivel del suelo (O3), a través de los tractos censales de los Estados Unidos contiguos, dilucidando el papel de la segregación residencial racial local en la estructuración de injusticias ambientales basadas en la composición de la minoría versus blancos del vecindario. Los resultados indican patrones sociales de exposición divergentes para los dos contaminantes. Los tractos que registran los PM2.5 más altos tienen proporciones más grandes de residentes hispánicos, negros y asiáticos e isleños pacíficos, mientras que los tractos con el O3 incrementado tienen proporciones más bajas de aquellos grupos racializados. Adicionalmente, hallamos que la segregación residencial racial en multigrupo local modifica el efecto de la composición de minorías vdersus blancos en exposiciones PM2.5, de tal modo que los residentes de los vecindarios segregados de minorías respiran aire cargado con más PM2.5, en tanto los de vecindarios segregados para blancos inhalan aire con menos PM2.5. Encontramos un patrón opuesto para el O3. Nuestra perspectiva comparativa EJ ilustra cómo la asociación entre la privilegiada condición de blancura y la contaminación con O3 no es ni injusta ni iguala la distribución del riesgo.

Supplemental Material

The supplemental material file includes results from bivariate models and sensitivity analyses. Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s website at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935690.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Timothy W. Collins

TIMOTHY W. COLLINS is a Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on environmental justice; health disparities; social vulnerability to risks, hazards, and disasters; Hispanic and Latinx populations; and research training and mentoring.

Sara E. Grineski

SARA E. GRINESKI is a Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research focuses on environmental justice issues related to children, environmental health, Hispanic and Latinx populations, and undergraduate research training and mentoring.

Shawna M. Nadybal

SHAWNA M. NADYBAL is a Doctoral Student in the Department of Geography at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research focuses on environmental justice and social vulnerability to hazards and disasters.

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