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Articles

The Business Climate and the Commodification of Place: The Making of a Market for Location

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Pages 225-239 | Received 07 Mar 2020, Accepted 18 May 2022, Published online: 26 Jul 2022
 

Abstract

Interlocality competition is a staple concern of modern economic geography. Yet, beyond the abstract bases of this competition in the very nature of capitalism, the question of how such interlocality competition arose in the post-1945 period remains underexplored. In this article we draw on the sociology of markets and metrics literature to examine the socially constructed nature of the “location market” that underpins interlocality competition for investment. The empirical focus of the article is on one company—Fantus—and one idea—the local business climate. The Fantus company pioneered the practice of corporate site selection and location consulting and played a key role in constructing a market for location in the United States. Drawing on sources that include the archive of the company’s files, we describe the work of this company and its role in assembling the local “business climate” index. The story provides a glimpse of the politicized and contested origins of metrics as market-making techniques, their derivatives, and their unintended, unanticipated, and at times downright perverse effects. The business climate measure served to change perceptions of the value of places, rendering them as interchangeable locations. It is a compelling example of the broader process by which the representation of places in the language of numbers exacerbates the competition for capital, obscuring the politicized and asymmetrical nature of that competition.

位置竞争是现代经济地理学关注的主要问题。然而, 除了具有资本主义本质的这种竞争的抽象基础, 缺乏对1945年后如何出现位置竞争的研究。我们根据市场社会学和指标文献, 研究了支撑位置投资竞争的“位置市场”的社会本质。本文的实证重点是一家公司(Fantus)和一种思路(当地的商业环境)。Fantus公司开创了企业选址和位置咨询行为, 在建立美国选址市场方面发挥了关键作用。根据公司档案等资料, 我们描述了该公司的业务及其在编制当地“商业环境”指数的作用。我们看到, 指标是做市的技术和工具, 指标具有非意向的、非预期的甚至是彻底反常的影响, 从而认识到指标政治化和争议化的起源。商业环境指标有助于改变人们如何看待场所的价值, 使其成为可互换的位置。这为我们提供了一个鲜明的案例:数字语言中的位置表达加剧了资本竞争, 掩盖了这种竞争的政治化本质和不对称本质。

La competencia de interlocalidad es cuestión de interés básico en la geografía económica moderna. No obstante, más allá de las bases abstractas de esta competencia en la propia naturaleza del capitalismo, siguen inexploradas cosas del propio origen de esa competencia de interlocalidad en el período siguiente a 1945. En este artículo nos apoyamos en la sociología de los mercados, y en la literatura relacionada con la métrica, para examinar la naturaleza socialmente construida del “mercado de la localización” que sustenta la competencia de interlocalidad para la inversión. Empíricamente, el artículo está centrado en una empresa––Fantus––y en una idea––el clima empresarial local. La compañía Fantus es la pionera en la práctica de la selección del emplazamiento corporativo y la consultoría locacional, y desempeñó un rol crítico en la construcción de un mercado locacional en Estados Unidos. Basándonos en fuentes que incluyen el archivo de la compañía, describimos lo que hace esta empresa y su rol en la edificación del índice del “clima empresarial” local. Esta historia ofrece un panorama sobre los orígenes politizados y controvertidos de las métricas como técnicas edificadoras de mercado, sus derivados y sus efectos no deseados, imprevistos y a veces francamente perversos. La medida del clima empresarial sirvió para cambiar las percepciones del valor de los lugares, convirtiéndolos en locaciones intercambiables. Es un ejemplo convincente del proceso de mayor amplitud con el cual la representación de los lugares en el lenguaje de los números exacerba la competencia por el capital, ocultando la naturaleza politizada y asimétrica de esa competencia.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Nicholas A. Phelps

NICHOLAS A. PHELPS is a Professor of Urban Planning in the Melbourne School of Design, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include the geography of multinational enterprises, foreign direct investment, and the planning and politics of suburbanization.

Andrew M. Wood

ANDREW M. WOOD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include the geographic “stickiness” of economic activity, location consultants, and the political dynamics of urban development.

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