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Of Land, Life, and Struggle

Racial Geographies of Land and Domestic Service in Panama

Pages 1573-1588 | Received 04 Mar 2022, Accepted 18 Sep 2022, Published online: 23 Jan 2023
 

Abstract

Foreign land control and Afro-Panamanian women domestics are mutually constituted and embedded in tourism development in Panama. In this article, I center the racial and patriarchal logics of dispossession informing land control, a process that connects twenty-first-century residential tourism development to twentieth-century U.S. imperial formations in the making of the Panama Canal. My approach blends ethnographic research with historical data collection, newspapers, and development-related policy documents drawn across a variety of research sites in Panama, Spain, and North America. To begin, I briefly trace the contemporary context of tourism-induced land dispossession and the growing tenure insecurities for Afro-Panamanian communities living on the shores of the Panamanian Caribbean. Here I show how residential tourism development reproduces settler colonial landscapes. Further, I place in conversation the concepts of postcolonial intersectionality and cuerpo-territorio (Cabnal Citation2015) to illustrate how land control and domestic service are interconnected, punctuating how land is not the only site of colonial governance. I then historicize tourism in Panama through tracing the discursive narratives of imperial formations in the early period of U.S. empire and the construction of the Panama Canal. I trace elite travel narratives, newspapers, and memoirs to link the racialized labor regimes of the Canal to the domestic spaces of the Canal Zone. Finally, I argue that foreign land acquisitions and domestic service are inextricably entangled in tourism development across time and space in Panama.

在巴拿马, 外国土地控制和非裔巴拿马女佣相互依存, 并深入旅游业的开发。本文关注掠夺的种族和父权思想。掠夺能解释土地控制, 而土地控制能连接21世纪民宿旅游开发和20世纪美国在建造巴拿马运河过程中的帝国形成。我融合了民族志研究、历史数据、报纸以及来自巴拿马、西班牙和北美各个研究地点的开发政策文件。首先, 简要回顾了旅游业导致土地掠夺的当代背景, 回顾了巴拿马加勒比海岸非裔巴拿马社区的日益加剧的土地所有权危机。展示了民宿旅游开发如何再现定居者殖民地景观。进而, 采用后殖民交叉性和“身体领地”概念, 说明了土地控制和家政服务如何相互关联, 强调了土地不是殖民统治的唯一场所。然后, 回顾了美国帝国形成的初期和建造巴拿马运河的故事, 由此对巴拿马旅游进行了历史化。追溯了精英旅行的描述、报纸和回忆录, 结合了巴拿马运河的种族化劳动制度和运河区的家政空间。最后, 我认为, 外国土地收购和家政服务与巴拿马跨越时空的旅游业开发, 密不可分。

El control extranjero de la tierra y las empleadas domésticas afropanameñas se constituyen e incrustan de modo mutuo en el desarrollo del turismo en Panamá. En este artículo, mi preocupación central son las lógicas raciales y patriarcales de desposesión que informan sobre el control de la tierra, un proceso que conecta el desarrollo del turismo residencial del siglo XXI con las formaciones imperiales americanas del siglo XX, para la construcción del Canal de Panamá. Mi enfoque combina la investigación etnográfica con la recopilación de datos históricos, de periódicos y documentos políticos relacionados con el desarrollo, extraídos de una variedad de sitios de investigación en Panamá, España y Norteamérica. Para empezar, trazo con brevedad el contexto contemporáneo de la desposesión de la tierra inducida por el turismo y las crecientes inseguridades de tenencia para las comunidades afropanameñas que habitan las costas del Caribe panameño. Aquí muestro cómo el desarrollo del turismo reproduce los paisajes coloniales de los pobladores. Además, pongo en conversación los conceptos de interseccionalidad poscolonial y cuerpo-territorio (Cabnal 2015) para ilustrar el modo como se interconectan el control de la tierra y el servicio doméstico, señalando cómo la tierra no es el único sitio de gobernanza colonial. Luego presento la historia del turismo en Panamá, rastreando las narrativas discursivas de las formaciones imperiales en la etapa temprana del imperio americano y la construcción del Canal de Panamá. Rastreo las narrativas de viajes de la élite, los periódicos y memorias, para enlazar los regímenes laborales racializados del Canal con los espacios del servicio doméstico en la Zona del Canal. Por último, arguyo que las adquisiciones de tierras extranjeras y el servicio doméstico están inextricablemente entrelazados en el desarrollo del turismo a lo largo del tiempo y del espacio, en Panamá.

Acknowledgments

I am deeply grateful to the residents of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago and the village of Santa Isabel for assisting with various parts of my research project in Panama. Special thanks to Estefania Rueda-Torres for their research assistance and thanks to Laura Taylor for commenting on an earlier draft. I am thankful to Katie Meehan and three anonymous reviewers for their important feedback.

Notes

1 ROP is an officially recognized form of usufruct rights open to Panamanian citizens on national lands (Spalding Citation2017).

2 I am aware of the distinctions made between postcolonial and decolonial thought and that neither are singular. Following Asher (2017) and Bhambra (2014), however, I focus on how they are similar.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the University of Toronto’s Distinguished Professor Award.

Notes on contributors

Sharlene Mollett

SHARLENE MOLLETT is an Associate Professor and Distinguished Professor in Feminist Cultural Geography, Nature and Society in the Department of Human Geography and Global Development Studies, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include the feminist political ecologies of race and land struggle in Central America.

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