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Articles

Valuing Nature in Global Production Networks: Hunting Tourism and the Weight of History in Zambezi, Namibia

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 1818-1834 | Received 08 Apr 2021, Accepted 07 Feb 2023, Published online: 08 May 2023
 

Abstract

Southern African ecosystems are threatened by biodiversity loss, but it remains highly controversial whether nature conservation can be successfully achieved by commodifying ecosystems through tourism or by withdrawing habitats from their integration into globalized production. This article contributes to the debate by applying the global production network (GPN) approach to analyze institutional dynamics and actors involved in the commodification of nature. While highlighting historical drivers of GPN articulation, we advance the GPN framework by integrating a practice-based perspective on value making. Based on archival research, qualitative interviews and quantitative data, this contribution examines the historical and current commodification of wildlife in the Zambezi region in northeastern Namibia. Under the umbrella of the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) policy, the postapartheid government allows the regulated harvesting of individual animals for hunting tourism. This policy mobilizes wildlife as an endogenous natural asset that is embedded in the region. As a consequence, local institutions emerge that enable strategic coupling processes with the global hunting industry to initiate development trajectories in the remote region. The historical perspective, however, reveals that former elites are able to take advantage of these newly emerging opportunities and maintain a powerful position in the GPN until today. The analysis shows three mechanisms that drive the valuation of nature: local institution building, quota making, and revenue sharing. We conclude that the valuation of nature is a way of mobilizing regional assets through strategic coupling and gains realized from this commodification are used to build local institutions that ensure ongoing valuation.

南部非洲的生态系统受到生物多样性损失的威胁。商品化生态系统、从全球化生产中排除栖息地的旅游业, 能否成功地保护自然, 仍然存在很大争议。本文利用全球生产网络(GPN)来分析自然商品化过程中的体制变化和因素, 旨在为这个争议做出贡献。本文强调GPN表述的历史驱动因素, 从基于实践的价值创造视角促进了GPN框架。基于档案研究、定性访谈和定量数据, 我们考察了纳米比亚东北部赞比西地区野生动物的商品化历史和现状。在社区自然资源管理(CBNRM)政策下, 后种族隔离政府允许狩猎旅游的管制性动物捕猎。该政策利用了作为地区自然资产的野生动物。因此, 地方机构的出现, 实现了与全球狩猎业的战略性耦合, 启动了偏远地区的发展轨迹。然而, 从历史角度来看, 历史上的精英们能够利用这些新机遇并在GPN中保持延续至今的强大地位。分析显示了自然估值的三种驱动机制:地方机构建设、配额制定和收益共享。我们的结论是, 自然估值是通过战略耦合来使用地区资产的一种方式, 商品化收益被用于建立能确保持续估值的地方机构。

Los ecosistemas sudafricanos están afectados por la pérdida de biodiversidad, pero sigue siendo muy controversial la idea de si la conservación de la naturaleza puede alcanzarse con éxito mercantilizando los ecosistemas con la ayuda del turismo o sustrayendo los hábitats de su integración a la producción globalizada. Este artículo contribuye al debate aplicando el enfoque de la red de producción global (GPN) para analizar la dinámica institucional y los actores involucrados en la mercantilización de la naturaleza. Al tiempo que destacamos los factores históricos que impulsan la articulación de la GPN, proyectamos el marco de la GPN integrando una perspectiva basada en la práctica sobre generación de valor. Con base en investigación de archivos, entrevistas cualitativas y datos cuantitativos, esta contribución examina la comodificación histórica y actual de la vida silvestre en la región del Zambezi, al nordeste de Namibia. Bajo el paraguas de la política de administración comunitaria de los recursos naturales (CBNRM), el gobierno que vino después del apartheid permite la captura regulada de animales individuales para turismo cinegético. Esta política moviliza la vida silvestre como un recurso natural endógeno propio de la región. Como resultado, aparecen instituciones locales que facilitan procesos de acoplamiento estratégico con la industria global de caza para iniciar trayectorias de desarrollo en la remota región. Sin embargo, la perspectiva histórica revela que las élites anteriores pueden todavía aprovecharse de estas nacientes oportunidades y mantener una posición empoderada en la GPN, hasta el momento actual. El análisis pone en evidencia tres mecanismos que orientan la valoración de la naturaleza: construcción de instituciones locales, implantación de cuotas y compartición de activos. Concluimos que la valoración de la naturaleza como forma de movilizar activos regionales por medio del acoplamiento estratégico y las ganancias obtenidas con esta mercantilización se usan para construir instituciones locales que garanticen una valoración continuada.

Notes

1 History of the Caprivi Strip 1890–1984, C. E. Kruger, National Archives Namibia, A0472, p. 116.

2 Unpublished memoirs of Sir Charles Fernand Rey, Chapter 18, Oxford, Bodleian Libraries, MSS. Eng. C. 7192, folders 250–86.

3 Letter from the Prime Minister of South Africa to the Secretary General of the League of Nations, Oxford, Bodleian Libraries, Papers of Frederick Dealtry Lugard, Baron Lugard of Abinger, relating to Bechuanaland, MSS. Lugard, Box 136, File 1.

4 Report on the Administration of the Caprivi Zipfel (South-West Africa), Oxford, Bodleian Libraries, Papers of Frederick Dealtry Lugard, Baron Lugard of Abinger, relating to Bechuanaland, MSS. Lugard, Box 136, File 1.

5 History of the Caprivi Strip 1890–1984, C. E. Kruger, National Archives Namibia, A0472, p. 469.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Linus Kalvelage

LINUS KALVELAGE is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on environmental economic geography, with a special interest in regional development trajectories through nature conservation and energy transition in peripheral regions.

Javier Revilla Diez

JAVIER REVILLA DIEZ holds a Chair in Human Geography at the Institute of Geography and is associated with the Global South Study Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]. His main areas of interest are the regional outcomes of global production networks; the regional impacts of transformation processes induced by political and structural change; and the impacts of natural risks on people, firms, and regions.

Michael Bollig

MICHAEL BOLLIG is Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]. His main interests lie in the environmental anthropology of sub-Saharan Africa, with research projects focusing on the social-ecological dynamics associated with large-scale conservation projects, the commodification of nature, and the political ecology of pastoralism.

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