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Articles

Geographic Variation in Household Disaster Preparedness in the United States

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Pages 314-333 | Received 11 May 2023, Accepted 20 Sep 2023, Published online: 01 Dec 2023
 

Abstract

Disaster events, such as floods, wildfires, and earthquakes, increasingly cause damage to livelihoods, the economy, and the environment. Preparing for disasters is noted as one of the most effective ways to adapt and increase resilience to these events, but research has shown that many people in the United States have not adopted recommended household preparedness actions. Moreso, there is currently no geospatial data set or tool for mapping geographic variation in disaster preparedness behavior, despite the availability of appropriate survey data. Using the Federal Emergency Management Agency National Household Survey from 2017 to 2020, we develop a multilevel regression and poststratification model that provides estimates at the state, county, and zip-code tabulation area scales of several preparedness actions and a general disaster preparedness index. Results show regional and state-level variation among preparedness levels, with the Southeast and Utah being generally more prepared than other regions of the United States. Additionally, we introduce an online interactive mapping tool for these results that practitioners, academics, and the public can use to identify preparedness levels in their area of interest. The outcomes of this study can be used to inform future work in hazard risk assessment and to further develop comparisons between risk perceptions and hazard preparedness. Finally, findings from this study contribute to the suite of geospatial models and methods used to assess the human dimensions of hazard risk and resilience.

洪水、野火和地震等灾害事件越来越损害生活、经济和环境。备灾是适应灾害和提高韧性的最有效方法之一。研究表明, 许多美国人没有采取建议家庭备灾行动。目前, 尽管存在着调查数据, 但没有绘制备灾行为地理差异的地理空间数据集或工具。利用美国联邦紧急事务管理局2017年至2020年的全国家庭调查, 我们开发了一个多层次回归和后分层模型, 提供了州、县和邮政编码尺度的备灾行动的若干估计值和一个综合备灾指数。结果显示, 地区和州的备灾水平不同, 美国东南部和犹他州比其它地区有更充分的备灾水平。我们还为这些结果开发了一个在线交互式绘图工具, 用户、学者和公众可以用来确定感兴趣区域的备灾水平。研究结果有助于未来的灾害风险评估, 也可用于深入比较风险感知和备灾。最后, 本研究有助于建立一套地理空间模型和方法, 从而对灾害风险和韧性的人文层面进行评估。

Los eventos desastrosos, como inundaciones, incendios forestales y terremotos, cada vez más causan daños a los medios de subsistencia, la economía y el entorno ambiental. Prepararse para los desastres se reconoce como una de las formas más efectivas de adaptarse e incrementar la resiliencia frente a estos eventos, aunque la investigación señala que, al respecto, mucha gente en Estados Unidos no ha adoptado las medidas de precaución recomendadas para los hogares. Por lo demás, en la actualidad no existe ningún conjunto de datos geoespaciales o una herramienta con la cual cartografiar la variación geográfica sobre el comportamiento de preparación ante desastres, pese a la disponibilidad de datos de encuestas apropiados. Usando la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de la Agencia Federal de Manejo de Emergencias de 2017 a 2020, desarrollamos un modelo de regresión multinivel y posestratificación que provee estimativos a las escalas estatal, de condado y de área de tabulación de los códigos postales, sobre varias acciones preparatorias y un índice general de preparación para desastres. Los resultados muestran una variación regional y estatal en los niveles de preparación, que indica que el Sudeste y Utah están generalmente más preparados para eso que otras regiones de los Estados Unidos. Además, presentamos una herramienta de mapeo interactivo en línea para estos resultados, que practicantes, académicos y el público general pueden usar para identificar los niveles de preparación en sus áreas de interés. Los resultados de este estudio pueden usarse como punto de partida para futuros trabajos de evaluación de los riesgos de amenazas y para continuar desarrollando comparaciones entre las percepciones de riesgos y la preparación contra catástrofes. Finalmente, los hallazgos de este estudio contribuyen al conjunto de modelos y métodos geoespaciales utilizados para evaluar las dimensiones humanas de los riesgos de amenazas y la resiliencia.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s site at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2023.2271560.

Additional information

Funding

Financial support on this project was provided by National Science Foundation Grant No. 1633756 and “CAREER: Location-aware social science for adaptation: Modeling dynamic patterns in public perceptions and behavior” (BCS-1753082).

Notes on contributors

Forest Cook

FOREST COOK is a PhD Student in the Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning at Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include land-use and behavioral planning for climate adaptation broadly, which includes food security, habitat conservation, and hazard mitigation.

Peter Howe

PETER HOWE is the Associate Dean for Academics in the S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources at Utah State and a Professor of Geography in the Department of Environment and Society at Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests focus on public perceptions of climate change and environmental risks using large-scale social surveys, statistical modeling, and geospatial analysis.

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