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Articles

“I Rarely Go Out on Work Days”: Space–Time Constraints and (Im)mobility Experiences Among Indonesian Female Domestic Workers in Hong Kong

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Pages 1020-1038 | Received 14 Sep 2022, Accepted 25 Jan 2024, Published online: 03 Apr 2024
 

Abstract

Female domestic workers (FDWs) experience space–time constraints and mobility challenges corresponding to their demanding daily work responsibilities. Studies have shown that FDWs’ mobility and activities are primarily dictated by their employers through work tasks. It is unclear, though, how FDWs’ activity and mobility patterns outside their employers’ homes are shaped by individual and contextual factors, including government policies that mandate that FDWs be granted a rest day. Using an activity space approach combined with multilevel modeling, I evaluated mobility and activity patterns on work and rest days for a sample of Indonesian FDWs in Hong Kong. Data were collected using innovative online activity diaries and were triangulated with qualitative data from WhatsApp follow-up conversations. This research uncovers that FDWs’ activity patterns differ significantly between work and rest days. FDWs rarely go outside on workdays except to perform work-related tasks. On the rest day, FDWs’ activity spaces are much more expansive as they conduct social and personal activities that are essential for maintaining their well-being. By comparing work and rest days, this research deepens our understanding of geographical, social, and temporal aspects of FDWs’ space–time constraints and (im)mobility experiences that encompass and go beyond employer-assigned tasks. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the benefits of rest day policies for enhancing the visibility of marginalized women in public spaces, particularly in the context of FDWs’ restrictive space–time constraints.

女性家庭佣工(FDW)面临着与其繁重的日常工作职责相应的时空约束和流动性挑战。研究表明, 雇主通过工作任务而决定了FDW的流动性和活动。然而, 目前尚不了解FDW在雇主家以外的活动和流动性模式如何受到个人和背景因素(包括政府规定FDW有休息日的政策)的影响。使用活动空间方法并结合多层次模型, 我评估了香港的部分印度尼西亚FDW在工作日和休息日的流动性和活动模式。创新地通过在线活动日记进行数据收集, 并通过WhatsApp后续对话收集了定性数据, 并对这些数据进行三角验证。研究发现, FDW的活动模式在工作日和休息日之间存在显著差异。除了执行工作任务外, FDW很少在工作日外出。在休息日, 她们开展对维持其健康至关重要的社交和个人活动, FDW的活动空间要大得多。本文比较了工作日和休息日, 加深了我们对FDW时空约束的地理、社会和时间层面的理解, 以及对雇主分配任务和其它活动的(非)流动性体验的理解。结果还表明, 休息日政策有助于提高边缘化妇女在公共场所的知名度, 尤其是在FDW受时空约束的情况下。

Las empleadas domésticas (FDWs) experimentan el obstáculo del espacio–tiempo y retos de movilidad concomitantes con sus exigentes responsabilidades cotidianas de trabajo. Estudios al respecto han demostrado que la movilidad y las actividades de las FDWs están determinadas primordialmente por sus patronos a través de las tareas que les asignan. No obstante, no está claro cómo los patrones de actividad y movilidad de las FDWs por fuera de los hogares de sus empleadores son determinados por factores individuales y contextuales, incluidas las políticas gubernamentales que demandan que a las FDWs se les otorgue un día de descanso. Utilizando un enfoque de espacio de actividad combinado con modelización de multinivel, evalué los patrones de movilidad y actividad en los días laborales y del descanso, en una muestra de FDWs indonesias, en Hong Kong. Los datos fueron recopilados desde innovadores diarios de actividad en línea y se triangularon con datos cualitativos de conversaciones de seguimiento en WhatsApp. Esta investigación pone de manifiesto que los patrones de actividad de las FDWs difieren significativamente entre los días laborados y los de descanso. Las trabajadoras domésticas extranjeras raramente salen a la calle durante los días laborables, excepto en cumplimiento de tareas relacionadas con su trabajo. En el día de descanso, los espacios de actividad de estas trabajadoras extranjeras son mucho más amplios, puesto que realizan actividades sociales y personales que son esenciales para su bienestar. Al comparar los días de trabajo y de descanso, esta investigación profundiza nuestra comprensión de los aspectos geográficos, sociales y temporales de los limitantes espacio-temporales y las experiencias de (in)movilidad de las FDWs que abarcan, y que se extienden más allá de las tareas que los empleadores asignan. Además, los hallazgos demuestran los beneficios de las políticas del día de descanso para mejorar la visibilidad de las mujeres marginadas en los espacios públicos, particularmente en el contexto de los restrictivos limitantes espacio-temporales que recaen sobre estas trabajadoras domésticas extranjeras.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Dr. Sara McLafferty for all her guidelines, support, feedback, and reviews for this article. The author thanks the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions to improve the manuscript. The author is grateful to forty-two research participants in Hong Kong; Dompet Dhuafa Hong Kong and Peduli Sehat Hong Kong for help with participant recruitment; and Pak Imam Baihaqi, Mbak Siti Ngatifah, and Ibu Ayu Rahayu for their kindness and assistance. The author would like to thank Dr. Allison Williams, Diah Cyntia, Nuradia Puspawati, Maryam M. Karimah, and Sri Retno Ningsih for reviewing the activity diary forms.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The author would like to express her gratitude for the generous support from the Messina Stanley Graduate Scholarship and the GGIS Summer Research Grants 2021 at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The author was funded by the Charles Alexander Graduate Fellowship for Women in Geography (2020–2021) while conducting this research.

Notes on contributors

Fikriyah Winata

FIKRIYAH WINATA is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geosciences at Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include health and well-being geographies for immigrants and women, gendered mobility, access to health care and healthy food stores, mental health, health applications of GIS, and spatial epidemiology.

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