Spatial genetic structure of Opsariichthys hainanensis in South China

Abstract

South China presents an excellent opportunity to build a phylogeographic paradigm for complex geological history, including mountain lifting, climate change, and river capture/reversal events. The phylogeography of cyprinids, particularly Opsariichthys hainanensis, an endemic species restricted to South China, was examined to explore the relationship between the populations in Red River, Hainan Island and its adjacent mainland China. A total of 37 haplotypes were genotyped for the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene in 115 specimens from 11 river systems. Relatively high levels of haplotype diversity (h = 0.946) and low levels of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.014) were detected in O. hainanensis. Four major phylogenetic haplotype groups revealed a relationship between phylogeny and geography. Our results found that (i) the ancestral populations of O. hainanensis were distributed south of the Wuzhishan and Yinggeling mountains, including the Changhua River on Hainan Island, and then spread to the surrounding areas, (ii) the admixtures within lineages occurred between the Red River in North Vietnam and the Changhua River in western Hainan Island and (iii) indicated that the exposure of straits and shelves under water retreat, provides opportunities for population dispersion during glaciations.

Keywords:

• Hainan Island
• Opsariichthys hainanensis
• phylogeography
• Wuzhishan and Yinggeling mountains range

Acknowledgements

We thank Fan Li and Yuanzhou Xiao for some of the sample collection. We thank the Wuzhishan National Nature Reserve, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve, and Jianling Provincial Nature Reserve for their assistance in the sampling.

Ethical approval

All the field work of this study followed the Guidelines for South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. The field studies did not involve endangered or protected species.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [31772430], the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund [CAMC-2018F] and the Key Project of Science-Technology Basic Condition Platform from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China [2005DKA21402].