Green and efficiently synthesized tetrasubstituted imidazole: introduced bismuth oxide co-doped Lu³⁺, Er³⁺ as a novel reusable heterogeneous nanocatalyst

Abstract

Nano-structured Bi_1.5(Lu, Er)_0.5O₃ was synthesized efficiently and utilized as a novel environmentally benign and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives in water under ultrasonic irradiation. This synthesis method offers the several advantages such as green and eco-friendly protocol, operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, higher yields, and easy work-up procedures. For this purpose, nano-structured bismuth oxide and Lu³⁺, Er³⁺ co-doped Bi₂O₃ with different Lu³⁺, Er³⁺ loadings (0.1, 0.5%mol) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The obtained catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. X-ray analyses of obtained bismuth oxide were indexed as monoclinic phase and nano co-doped bismuth oxides (Bi_{2 – x} (Lu, Er)_xO₃, x = 0.1, 0.5%mol) have tetragonal phase.

Keywords:

• Nano
• Bi2O3
• Lu2O3
• Er2O3
• imidazole

Acknowledgments

The authors thank research affairs of the University of Tabriz. The authors are also thankful to those who contributed to enhancing this project, especially prof. K. D. Safa.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Table 2. Synthesis of tetrasubstituted imidazoles with Bi_1.5 (Lu, Er) _0.5O₃ as nanocatalyst

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