Giving structure to the basic structure doctrine

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Notes

¹ See, for example, Sudhir Krishnaswamy, Democracy and Constitutionalism in India: A Study of the Basic Structure Doctrine (OUP 2009); Deepakshi Joshi, Constitutionalism and Basic Structure (Regal Publications 2015); A. Lakshminath, Basic Structure and Constitutional Amendments: Limitations and Justiciability (Deep & Deep Publications 2002).

² Yaniv Roznai, Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Limits of Amendment Powers (OUP 2017) 20–21.

³ ibid.

⁴ ibid 21.

⁵ ibid.

⁶ ibid 42.

⁷ AIR 1951 SC 458.

⁸ Roznai (n 2) 42–47; Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) SCC 225.

⁹ Roznai (n 2) 44.

¹⁰ Kesavananda (n 8) 366.

¹¹ Roznai (n 2) 47; Krishnaswamy (n 1) 160–61.

¹² Roznai (n 2) 47–69 (noting that, among others, Taiwan, Kenya, Colombia, Peru, and Belize have recognised implicit unamendability, while many other countries’ judiciaries have considered or discussed it).

¹³ (1989) 41 DLR (AD) 165.

¹⁴ Roznai (n 2) 49.

¹⁵ ibid 49–52.

¹⁶ ibid 56.

¹⁷ ibid.

¹⁸ ibid 113–17.

¹⁹ ibid 118–20.

²⁰ ibid 119 (emphasis in original).

²¹ Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Foundations (HUP 1991).

²² Roznai (n 2) 127–28.

²³ ibid 127.

²⁴ ibid 128 (quoting Cheryl Saunders, ‘The Constitutional Credentials of State Constitutions’ (2011) 42 Rutgers LJ 853, 870).

²⁵ ibid 133 (internal quotation marks omitted).

²⁶ Shivprasad Swaminathan, ‘The Long Slumber of Dicey’s Indian Monarch’ (2016) Commonwealth Law Bulletin; AV Dicey, The Law of the Constitution (10th edn, ECS Wade 1955, p. 22).

²⁷ Roznai (n 2) 164.

²⁸ ibid 165.

²⁹ ibid 168–74.

³⁰ Riordan v. An Taoiseach, [1999] IESC I, 4.

³¹ Roznai (n 2) 175.

³² ibid.

³³ William Partlett, ‘The Dangers of Popular Constitution-making’ (2012) 38 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 193; David Landau, ‘The Importance of Constitution-Making’ (2012) 89 Denver University Law Review 611; David Landau, ‘Constitution-making Gone Wrong’ (2013) 64 Alabama Law Review 923.

³⁴ Roznai (n 2).

³⁵ ibid 193 (internal quotation marks omitted).

³⁶ ibid 193–96.

³⁷ ibid 194 (citing essays in Pran Chopra (ed), The Supreme Court versus the Constitution: A Challenge to Federalism (Sage 2006)); Pratap Bhanu Mehta, ‘The Rise of Judicial Sovereignty’ (2007) 18 Journal of Democracy 70.

³⁸ Roznai (n 2) 212–17.

³⁹ ibid 212–13.

⁴⁰ ibid 214.

⁴¹ ibid 215–16.

⁴² ibid 218.

⁴³ ibid 220 (noting that constitutional amendments must meet the “disproportionate violation standard”).

⁴⁴ ibid 221 (explaining that under this standard only “extraordinary infringements” of unamendable principles would lead to the invalidation of constitutional amendments).

⁴⁵ ibid 218.

⁴⁶ PLD 2005 SC 719.

⁴⁷ ibid, paras 56–7.

⁴⁸ District Bar Association, Rawalpindi v. Federation of Pakistan (5 August 2015)

<http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/Const.P.12of2010.pdf>.

⁴⁹ ibid 267.

⁵⁰ David Landau, ‘Abusive Constitutionalism’ (2013–14) 47 UC Davis LR 189 (referring to the use of constitutional amendments by autocrats to erode democratic order).

⁵¹ Roznai (n 2).

⁵² Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, (1975) Supp SCC 1.

⁵³ ibid 283, 308; Madhav Khosla, ‘Constitutional Amendment’ in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla, and Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution (OUP 2016) 241–42.

⁵⁴ (2010) 62 DLR (AD) 298.

⁵⁵ (2011) 63 DLR (HCD) 84.

⁵⁶ Writ Petition No. 9989 of 2014 (5 May 2016) <http://supremecourt.gov.bd/resources/documents/783957_WP9989of2014.pdf>.

⁵⁷ Ridwanul Hoque, ‘Can the Court Invalidate an Original Provision of the Constitution?’ (2016) 2 University of Asia Pacific Journal of Law and Policy 13, 17.

⁵⁸ Ridwanul Hoque, ‘The Judicialization of Politics in Bangladesh: Pragmatism, Legitimacy and Consequences’ in Mark Tushnet and Madhav Khosla (eds), Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia (CUP 2015) 278.

⁵⁹ (2016) 4 SCC 1.

⁶⁰ Rehan Abeyratne, Upholding Judicial Supremacy in India: The NJAC Judgment in Comparative Perspective, 49 GW International LR 101 (2017).

⁶¹ Roznai (n 2) 38.