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Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
Revue canadienne des soins respiratoires et critiques et de la médecine du sommeil
Volume 8, 2024 - Issue 3
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Original Research

Case series of vaping-associated lung illness related to use of nicotine-containing liquids

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Pages 129-137 | Received 08 Sep 2023, Accepted 01 May 2024, Published online: 03 Jun 2024
 

Abstract

RATIONALE

There is a limited description of cases of vaping-associated lung illness (VALI) associated with users that vape nicotine-based products.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were to describe a series of patients that had VALI related to use of nicotine products.

METHODS

Investigation of reported cases of VALI in the province of Québec, using chart review, public health investigation and analysis of vaping products when available.

RESULTS

Six VALI cases were reported and investigated in late Summer and Fall 2019. None of the cases used tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-based vaping products. Three were former tobacco smokers while the rest were still actively smoking. Age ranged from 34 to 82 years old. Vaping products were analyzed for 2 patients, which did not reveal any vitamin E acetate. All cases had respiratory symptoms at presentation, 2 had gastro-intestinal symptoms and 3 had constitutional symptoms. Chest computed tomography (CT)-Scan showed ground glass opacities (GGO) for all 6 cases. Five patients were hospitalized and 2 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. No patient died. One patient had repeated bouts of hospitalizations without much improvement until VALI was diagnosed.

CONCLUSIONS

In Quebec, in the second half of 2019, 6 confirmed or probable VALI cases were reported and associated with the use of e-cigarettes with nicotine and flavors only (without THC), suggesting that chemicals present in the vaping liquid and/or the device itself can cause the illness. Former smokers or active smokers may also be at increased risk of developing VALI.

RÉSUMÉ

JUSTIFICATION

Il existe une description limitée des cas de maladies pulmonaires associées au vapotage (MPAV) chez les utilisateurs qui vapotent des produits à base de nicotine.

OBJECTIFS

Décrire une série de patients ayant souffert d’une maladie pulmonaire associée au vapotage (MPAV) liée à l'utilisation de produits à base de nicotine.

MÉTHODES

Enquête sur les cas de MPAV signalés dans la province de Québec, à l'aide d'un examen des dossiers, d'une enquête de santé publique et d'une analyse des produits de vapotage lorsqu'ils étaient disponibles.

RÉSULTATS

Six cas de MPAV ont été signalés et ont fait l'objet d'une enquête à la fin de l'été et à l'automne 2019. Aucun des cas n'utilisait de produits de vapotage à base de THC. Trois d'entre eux étaient d'anciens fumeurs de tabac, tandis que les autres fumaient encore activement. Leur âge se situait entre 34 et 82 ans. Les produits de vapotage ont été analysés pour deux patients, ce qui n'a pas révélé la présence d’acétate de vitamine E. Tous les cas présentaient des symptômes respiratoires, deux présentaient des symptômes gastro-intestinaux et trois présentaient des symptômes constitutionnels. Une tomodensitométrie thoracique a révélé des opacités en verre dépoli dans les six cas. Cinq patients ont été hospitalisés, deux ont été admis en unité de soins intensifs. Aucun patient n'est décédé. Un patient a subi des hospitalisations répétées sans grande amélioration jusqu'à ce que le diagnostic de MPAV soit posé.

CONCLUSIONS

Au Québec, au cours du deuxième semestre 2019, six cas confirmés ou probables de MPAV ont été signalés et associés à l'utilisation de cigarettes électroniques avec nicotine et arômes uniquement (sans THC), ce qui indique que les produits chimiques présents dans le liquide de vapotage et/ou l’appareil lui-même peuvent causer la maladie. Les anciens fumeurs ou les fumeurs actifs pourraient également présenter un risque accru de développer une MPAV.

Author contributions

All authors contributed substantially to the design of the study and provided their approval of the final version to be published. S. Perron was involved in the data acquisition and analysis, interpretation and writing of the manuscript. Z. Khalladi was involved in the acquisition of data and analysis of data. A. Coté and M.C. Morissette were involved in the analysis, interpretation and writing of the manuscript.

Ethical approval

Permission to publish the cases was obtained from the Director of Professional Services at the Center Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal. Ethics committee approval was not required as the study adhered to the ethical guidelines of the department.

Disclosure statement

This study is based on the results of a provincial mandate given to the INSPQ by the Québec’s Ministry of Health pertaining to the realization of an epidemiological investigation on vaping-associated lung illness in Québec.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

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