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ABSTRACT
The barrier and mechanical properties are the primary requirement of a rubber for tyre inner liner application that can be fulfilled by incorporation of organically modified clay (OMC) into rubber matrix. In this work, functional rubber composites with an improved gas barrier performance were prepared using bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) and natural rubber (NR) as the elastomer phases, and OMC and carbon black (CB) as the functional fillers by employing standard solid-state mixing and vulcanization methods. CB was partially replaced by OMC to achieve adequate barrier and mechanical properties. OMC modified composite showed ~35% improvement in the barrier properties as compared to the control compound (60 phr carbon black, 10 phr NR and 90 phr of BIIR loaded rubber compound). The dispersion of the nano clays were investigated by transmission electron microscopic (TEM), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The XRD study revealed that higher d- spacing and crystalinity of the nano clay composites ease the exfoliation tendency. The mechanical properties of the clay filled nano composites, such as hardness tensile strength, modulus and air barrier properties were superior to the control compound. The developed BIIR/nanoclay composites with improved barrier properties prepared by conventional mixing method in line with common industrial practice can be used in rubber products such as tire inner liner.
Graphical Abstract
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to the Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute (HASETRI) for the great support and permission in publishing this research work. Special thanks to Ms. Sreeanta Chakraborty, Mr. Ramesh Shilavant and Mr. Tuhin Dolui for their support towards XRD and microscopic analysis.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Supplementary material
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2022.2089579
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Arnab Dutta
Arnab Dutta, B.Tech in Polymer Science and Technology in 2012 from Calcutta University. He has 10 years of experience at tyre industry (e.g; Birla Tyres). Presently working in Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre research Institute (HASETRI). He is looking after raw material development including sustainable material for tyre application.
Jagannath Chanda
Dr. Jagannath Chanda, PhD in polymer chemistry in the year 2016 from IPF, Dresden , Germany, working in Research and development of elastomeric compounds for last 6 years in Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre Research Institute, India. He has around 30 international papers and 3 book chapters in his credit.
Tirthankar Bhandary
Tirthankar Bhandary, B.Tech in Chemical technology in 2011 from Calcutta university. He has 11 years of experience at tyre industry. Presently working in Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre research Institute (HASETRI). He is looking after raw material development including sustainable material for tyre application.
Sanjit Kumar Das
Sanjit Kumar Das, M.Tech in Plastic and rubber Technology in 1990 from Calcutta University. He has 32 years of experience at tyre industry (e.g; Apollo tyres, Birla Tyres and TCIL). Presently working in Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre research Institute (HASETRI). He is looking after raw material development including sustainable material for tyre application.
Shib Shankar Banerjee
Dr. Shib Shankar Banerjee received his Ph.D. in Elastomer Science and Technology from IIT Patna in 2016. He is currently Assistant professor at Department of Materials Science and Engineering at IIT Delhi, India. Before joining IIT Delhi, he was a Research Scientist at the Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, German and a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA. He has more than 32 publications in international peer-reviewed journals and about 28 contributions in conferences. His research is focused on 3D printing of functional polymeric/ elastomeric materials, process-controlled structure development in multiphase polymeric systems and multifunctional soft materials for soft robotics application.
Prasenjit Ghosh
Dr. Prasenjit Ghosh holds M.Tech. degree from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur and Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Presently he is working as a Principal Scientist in Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre Research Institute, India. He has 23 years of experience in the field of Finite Element Analysis, Nonlinear Material Modeling, Fatigue Crack Growth and Wear Mechanisms of rubber material. He is Fellow Member (FIE) of Institution of Engineers (India), Member of Society of Automotive Engineers, India and Member of Indian Rubber Institute (MIRI). He has about 35 research publications to his credit.
Saikat Das Gupta
Dr. Saikat Das Gupta, PhD in Rubber Technology, working in Research & Development of Tyre & Elastomers for last 29 years in various position. He had ~ 50 National and International Papers, 4 patents, 1 book and more than 4 book chapters in his credit.
Rabindra Mukhopadhyay
Dr. Rabindra Mukhopadhyay did his B.Sc. from University of Calcutta and M.Sc & Ph,D (Applied Chemistry) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India.Since 1987, he is heading the R&D centre of JK Tyre and Industries Ltd. He is also Director &Chief Executive of Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre Research Institute (HASETRI), anindependent Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO), promoted by JK Tyre fordoing the basic and applied research. He has to his credit more than 175 research and technicalpapers in national and international journals and six patents from his research work. He has got more than 40 years of experience in Education, Training and Research in Rubber Science and Tyre Technology. He is a Visiting Faculty at different IITs and national universities in India. He is Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineers, The Institution of Engineers (I), Indian Rubber Institute, American Chemical Society, Indian Society of Analytical Scientists, Indian Institute of Quality etc.