Degradation of isoniazid by anodic oxidation and subcritical water oxidation methods: Application of Box–Behnken design

Abstract

Pharmaceutical compounds released into the aquatic environment are known to cause toxic effects on the environment. Isoniazid is widely used in the treatment of tuberculosis and is, therefore, frequently encountered in environmental waters. In this study, the degradation of isoniazid was investigated by anodic oxidation and subcritical water oxidation method which are members of Advanced Oxidation Processes. The Box–Behnken Design was used to determine the effects of current, initial concentration, and electrolysis time on mineralization in the anodic oxidation process, which carried out a cell with a Pt cathode and boron-doped diamond anode. The highest mineralization value of 78.14% was achieved at optimal conditions of 300 mA, 3 h, and 100 mg/L initial concentration. The degradation of Isoniazid was also investigated under subcritical water conditions using an ecological oxidizing agent, H₂O₂. The maximum mineralization rate of 72.23% was obtained when 100 mM H₂O₂ was used for a 90 min treatment at 125 °C for 100 mg/L Isoniazid solution in the subcritical water oxidation process. The LC-MS results showed that the degradation products obtained by AO and SWO methods were different from each other. Finally, possible degradation mechanisms are proposed according to the degradation products obtained for both processes.

Keywords:

• Isoniazid
• anodic oxidation
• BDD
• subcritical water oxidation
• Box–Behnken design

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Mersin University Advanced Technology Education, Research, and Application Center (MEITAM) where the analyses were carried out.

Conflict of interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.