Overview of Polyphenols and Polyphenol-rich Extracts as Modulators of Inflammatory Response in Dry Eye Syndrome

ABSTRACT

Plant polyphenols and polyphenol-rich extracts are known to exhibit a wide range of anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and pro-apoptotic properties, and may also suppress the development of many ophthalmological diseases. Dry eye disease is associated with disturbances of the tear film. Although synthetic drugs and artificial tears can be used to treat the disorder, their long-term use may cause many side effects. The etiology of dry eye syndrome is complex, but the disease is now recognized as being mainly associated with ocular surface inflammation and oxidative stress. This review highlights the impact of polyphenols (alone or mixed) on the inflammatory process contributed to the pathophysiology of dry eye syndrome and summarizes the scientific basis for this action. It also describes the preclinical development, pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy and safety of polyphenols.

Graphical abstract

KEYWORDS:

• Dry eye
• conjunctiva
• cornea
• ocular surface
• inflammation
• polyphenols
• polyphenol-rich extracts

Acknowledgments

The study was supported by grants No.503/1-156-04/503-11-001-19-00 and No.564/1-000-00/564-20-042 from the Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

Abbreviations:

BAC, benzalkonium chloride; DED, dry eye disease; DES, dry eye syndrome; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate; GBE, Goji berry extract; HCECs, human corneal epithelial cells; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Medical University of Lodz [503/1-156-04/503-11-001-19-00 and 564/1-000-00/564-20-042].