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Developmental Neuropsychology Volume 34, 2009 - Issue 6
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Original Articles

Independent Contributions of Cognitive Functioning and Social Risk Factors to Symptoms of ADHD in Two Nordic Populations-Based Cohorts

Linda Forssman Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
,
Gunilla Bohlin Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
,
Astri J. Lundervold Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
,
Anja Taanila Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of General Practice, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,
Einar Heiervang Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
,
Sandra Loo Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles and Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, Los Angeles, California
,
Marjo-Riitta Järvelin Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; National Institute of Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
,
Susan Smalley Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles and Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, Los Angeles, California
,
Irma Moilanen Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
&
Alina Rodriguez Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; MRC Social Genetic Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
 show all
Pages 721-735 | Received 08 Jul 2008, Accepted 08 May 2009, Published online: 17 Nov 2009
 
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Abstract

This study examined independent contributions of executive functioning (EF), state regulation (SR), and social risk factors to symptom dimensions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in two cohorts, which included 221 Norwegian children and 294 Finnish adolescents. Independent contributions of EF and SR were shown in the Norwegian cohort and EF contributed independently in the Finnish cohort. When controlling for each symptom dimension, cognitive functioning and social risk factors were differentially associated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. The results show the need to include both social risk factors and cognitive functioning to obtain a better understanding of ADHD symptoms.

Notes

Irma Moilanen is on the Eli Lilly Strattera Advisory Board, Lilly Foundation Finland. Additionally she has been sponsored by Jansen Cilag to attend AACAP Annual Meeting in 2007 and has presented a lecture on ADHD, sponsored by UCB in 2007. The other authors have no financial relationships to disclose.

*p < .05

**p < .01

***p > .00

†denote effects that were not significant (p > .05) when controlling for estimated intelligence.

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