Novel Choline Transport Characteristics in Caco-2 Cells

ABSTRACT

Choline transport is characterized by sodium-dependent high-affinity, sodium-independent low-affinity, and sodium-independent blood–brain barrier transport mechanisms. Each defined mechanism has specific characteristics with regard to affinity for choline, transport capacity, and inhibition by hemicholinium. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of choline transport across Caco-2 monolayers. Methods. Choline transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined in both the apical to basal direction and the opposite direction. Further, the determination of calcium dependence and specific inhibitors was made. Determination of the apparent permeability of choline was calculated by established methods. Results. The apical to basal Caco-2 permeability coefficient is 11.11 ± 0.33 × 10⁻⁶ cm/sec with 21.3% of the choline associating with the cells. Meanwhile the basal to apical value is approximately 50% less (5.55 ± 0.14 × 10⁻⁶ cm/sec), suggesting an active apical to basal transport mechanism. Choline transport in this system was inhibited by nifedipine (82%), verapamil (80%), EGTA (36%), and cyclosporin (15%). Conclusions. Choline transport across Caco-2 cells is demonstrated to be active and both pH- and Ca²⁺-dependent. Furthermore, choline transport across Caco-2 monolayers has unique characteristics when compared to traditional choline transport models.