Use of Plants to Monitor Contamination of Air by SO₂ in and around Refinery

Abstract

The generation of SO₂ from a refinery may affect the surrounding environment. Moreover, SO₂ and its by-products are phytotoxic as berg. This study aims to investigate plant responses to SO₂. The work has been designed with emphasis on using the plants directly in monitoring the contamination of the atmospheric air by SO₂. An assessment was made of the impacts of long-term SO₂ emissions from an oil refinery on plants located in nearby areas that are likely to be exposed to emission fallout. Three different plant species (Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica, and Phoenix dactilifera) common to the environment of the Arabian Gulf were selected at different distances and directions from the refinery. The analysis of the sulphate contents of these plants were used as bioindicators for monitoring SO₂ concentration levels in and around the refinery. The results of this study showed that the three different plant species responsed differently to SO₂ in terms of their sulphate contents. Generally, all three species were found to be sensitive to SO₂ exposure. Furthermore, the concentration of sulphate was found to be much higher closer to the refinery. On the basis of this study, it can be stated that even though SO₂ levels were lower than the permissible limit values, the sulphate contents accumulated in the plants were likely to cause plant injury especially in the vicinity of the source. This suggests that the present environmental guidelines for SO₂ may not protect sensitive plant species.

Keywords:

• Sulphates
• Refinery
• SO₂
• Plants
• Bioaccumulative indicator

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Oman Refinery Company. Special thanks go to Said Ali Al-Taly (General Manager Operations & Technical Services), and Mr. Saleh Al-Yafiei. Authors are grateful to the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources. Special thanks go to Mohammed Al-Uraimi (Director General of the Ministry) and Ibrahim Al-Ajmi (Director General of Environmental Affairs). The help of engineer Faisal Abdulrahman Al-Farsi is also gratefully acknowledged. The authors are also grateful to the Civil Aviation & Meteorology; Meteorology Department at Seeb International Airport. Special thanks go to Mr. Sultan Yarub Al-saifi (Directorate General) and Badar Ali Alrumhi.