Abstract
This paper focuses on the concept of fit as a topic of research. The concept of fit has been viewed as an internal consistency among key strategic decisions or the alignment between strategic choices and critical contingencies with the environment (external), organization (internal), or both (external and internal). A number of research perspectives or approaches related to fit are presented. Research design problems are discussed: definition of terms, theoretical issues, and empirical issues. Emphasis is on how key variables or dimensions of fit are defined and measured in research.
A six-celled matrix is proposed as a conceptual scheme to distinguish different perspectives of fit and to portray congruence relationships more accurately. The matrix includes three common dimensions: strategy, organization, and environment. The matrix also suggests two levels of strategy—corporate or business—and three domains of fit—external, internal, or integrated. These suggest different research perspectives for the study of fit. Examples from the literature are provided to illustrate and support this conceptual scheme. Finally, implications for management and further study are outlined.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks Gary Kustis and Frank Winfrey for their suggestions. This work has also benefited from comments made by participants at an Academy of Management conference where an earlier version of this paper was presented. Support as a Fulbright Scholar from the Foundation for Educational Exchange between Canada and the US, the Institute of International Education, and the J.M. Smucker Company is gratefully recognized.