Background Considerations to Facial Aesthetics

Abstract

This paper examines the nature of our objectives in attempting to improve facial appearance. Questions are addressed concerning the basis for any collective agreement on ‘improvement’ and the nature of an agreed ‘ideal’, including an exploration of the reasons for its existence. The discussion focuses on the concept of ‘averageness’, as well as supplementary hypotheses. Finally, the origins and validity of contemporary clinical guidelines are addressed.

Keywords:

• Aesthetic standards
• Averageness
• Multiple-motive hypothesis
• Secondary sex characteristics