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Abstract
From AD 1274 Chinese emperor Kublai Khan dispatched fleets of ships in a series of attempts to expand the empire's hegemony and extend his rule into East Asia (Japan) and Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Champa and Java). Archaeological remains associated with the fleets and battles have been found at Takashima Island, Japan and on the Bạch Dằng River, Vietnam. This paper develops a thematic approach to these sites within a framework of naval battlefield archaeology. It compares the similarities and differences in environmental conditions and archaeological contexts of the two sites in Japan and Vietnam. It also outlines recent archaeological research conducted between 2008 and 2010 on the physical remains at the Bạch Dằng River battlefield site.
Acknowledgements
Research has been supported and funded by the Institute for Nautical Archaeology, the National Geographic Society/Waitt Grants Program, Australian Academy of the Humanities, Flinders University, Murdoch University, Monash University, and the Management Board of Major Cultural sites, Quang Ninh province in Vietnam. The contribution of the following members to fieldwork is acknowledged: Claude Duthuit, Dr James P. Delgado, George Belcher, Dr Vu The Long, Dr Bui Thi Mai, Dr Michel Girard, Peter Ingrassia, Charlotte Minh Ha Pham, Nguyen Thi Mai Huong, Nguyen Duc Binh, Burton Britt Jane, David Ross, J. B. Pelletier, John Pollack, Dr Paddy O'Toole, Minh Tran, Veronica Morriss, and Doug Inglis. We would also like to thank Kieu Dinh Son and express our appreciation of the Vietnamese provincial and municipal officers who supported the fieldwork.