How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire

Abstract

The emphasis on culture in studies of colonialism tends to obscure other forms of colonial power while making it impossible to contextualize the cultural argument and assess its salience. Rather than focusing on texts, systems of signification, and procedures of knowledge generation, as the colonial discourse literature is wont to do, a fuller understanding of colonial powers is achieved by explaining colonialism's basic geographical dispossessions of the colonized. In so doing, the issue of power is not prejudged and the particular roles of different modes and theories of colonial power come into focus. I explore these propositions by considering the powers underlying the reserve (reservation) system in British Columbia, a system that, by allocating a tiny fraction of the land to native people and opening the rest for development, facilitated the geographical reorganization of the province. My conclusions are these: the initial ability to dispossess rested primarily on physical power and the supporting infrastructure of the state; the momentum to dispossess derived from the interest of capital in profit and of settlers in forging new livelihoods; the legitimation of and moral justification for dispossession lay in a cultural discourse that located civilization and savagery and identified the land uses associated with each; and the management of dispossession rested with a set of disciplinary technologies of which maps, numbers, law, and the geography of resettlement itself were the most important. Although no one body of theory explains colonial power, several theoretical perspectives yield crucial insights.

Key Words:

• colonialism
• colonial discourse theory
• deterritorialization
• colonial land policies
• governmentality
• reservations
• British Columbia

Acknowledgments

The preparation of this paper has greatly benefited from comments by Karen Bakker, Trevor Barnes, Nicholas Blomley, Bruce Braun, Daniel Clayton, Douglas Harris, Robert Mitchell, Geraldine Pratt, Robert Wilson, and Graeme Wynn. Versions of it were presented, to my great benefit, to the Department of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles (Alexander von Humbold-Lecture), and to the Faculty of Law at the University of Victoria (McLean Lecture).